Employees Payroll Schlumberger Example

Essays on Employees Payroll Schlumberger Research Paper Employees and Payroll Compensation is twofold: it can be a salary or a wage. Firstly, the salary is the amount of money paid for a particular job irrespective of the hours worked while wage is the amount received on the prospect of hours worked (Priz, 2005). On the monthly basis, salaries shall be payable in respect of the normal payroll strategies. For instance, the initial term executive base salary was US $ 108,334.00 on the other hand the secondary term was $ 81,250.00 per month. Moreover, annually, the executives participated in health, insurance and welfare programs that are stated as US $ 1,300,000. Eligibility to accrue benefits and profit sharing program during the term of office for the executive shall be US $ 1,300,000 on an annual basis. Executives will participate in incentives plan during the initial term at a 100% basic pay level range however; there will be no participation during the secondary term (Veinot, 1999). In the normal operations of duty in regard to the company the executive will be reimbursed for any amounts incurred such as travel expenses under his duty at work. Intended to retain trained, experienced and able employees, attract new others and stimulate the active interests of persons is an options plan. Three members were appointed by the board of directors where neither of them is neither an officer nor an employee of the company and no eligibility to receive stock options under his tenure (Nehauser Donovan, 2007). Persons who are to participate are to be employees of the company or a subsidiary corporation. In case of retirement or where on is involved in a detrimental activity, it is the discretion of the committee to forfeiture the options. 12,000,000 shares of common stock issued at a par value of $ 0.01 will be subjected to the options plan. The initial term will begin on the effective date, February 9th 2010 till December 31st 2010. Similarly, the secondary term commences on January 1st 2011 till January 31st 2014. Executives affirmed to devote 100% of their time to the business of the company in the initial term. Comparatively, 50% time was to be devoted in the secondary term. There are a number of union labor agreements like the one formed in Egypt and Norway just to mention to cater for employee needs (Gunderson, 2000). The organization chart was descending with Paal Kibsgaard as the chief executive officer; below him was Simon Ayat, Chief financial officer and executive vice president. There were also three presidents, Aaron Gatt Florida, Jean Francois Poupeau and Patrick Schorn in charge of characterization, drilling and production respectively (Ball, 2002). In addition we had different presidents in charge of technology, operations and communication. The levels of education were university graduates to be able to understand the general operations of the company. The executives in the schlumberger limited are to enjoy insurance plans example medical, short and long term disability, welfare schemes and health benefits. Also, incentives plan of 100% on the base pay was enjoyed. Executives would receive cash within 30 days after the effective date during their vacation (Braggs, 2004). Work Cited Ball, C. A. (2002). Take charge of your workers compensation claim an A to Z guide for injured employees (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Nolo.com. Bragg, S. M. (2004). Accounting for payroll: a comprehensive guide. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Gunderson, M. (2000). Workers compensation: foundations for reform. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Neuhauser, F., Donovan, C. (2007). Fraud in workers compensation payroll reporting how much employer fraud exists : what is the impact on honest employers?. Sacramento, CA.: California Commission on Health and Safety and Workers Compensation. Priz, E. J. (2005). Entrepreneur magazines ultimate guide to workers compensation insurance: secrets for reducing workers compensation costs. Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press. Veinot, S. (1999). Management review of the deferred compensation plan program. Seattle, Wash.: The Office. Top of Form

Normalization Pedagogy and James Paulik Montessori Free Essays

Paulina V Edmunds James Paulik Montessori Philosophy and Pedagogy 27 January 2013 NORMALIZATION The children, who benefit enormously from the Montessori legacy, enjoy what Maria Montessori called â€Å"a Cosmic Education†. These children transform by the order, harmony and tranquility they experience every minute in this Montessori environment. They begin to transform, and this natural transformation was called by Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Normalization: Pedagogy and James Paulik Montessori or any similar topic only for you Order Now Montessori: â€Å"Normalization†, â€Å"It is the mental state children reach when they approach their studies with enthusiasm, work with little direction, treat others in a respectful way, and can work quietly on their own or with others. (Montessori, 148) When Dr. Montessori began her work in San Lorenzo, Rome, she questioned herself if the accomplishments of the children were â€Å"the work of angels†; but after 40 years of hard work and observation she came to the realization that â€Å"normalization is the single most important result of our work† (The Absorbent Mind, 204) She borrowed the term from the Anthropology, and it means becoming a contributing member of society and used it to distinguish the process that occurs when the development is happening in a normal way. Even young 3 year olds can experience and desire concentrated work, which leads them to contentment, restfulness and calm. They start being responsible for their environment and care for the other members in their community. This transformation appears through the repetition of this cycle: 1. Prepare to perform an activity: get holds of all the materials, movement involved and thought put into it. 2. The activity in which the child reaches total concentration. . Rest, a feeling of totality, satisfaction and being happiness. In Montessori schools, educators recognize this progression as being the normal work cycle. A perceptive educator can recognize a child who is normalized by these characteristics: love of work, concentration, self-discipline and sociability. . It is said that the adults work hard to change the child’s environment, but it is the child himself who uses the environment to change. Works Cited Montessori, Maria. The Secret of Childhood. City: Ballantine Books, 1966. Page 148. Polk Lillard, Paula. Montessori Today. City: Schocken Books, 1996. Pages 41-43. Shaefer Zener, Rita Dr. â€Å"The Secret of Childhood: Normalization and Deviations. † Lecture given on the AMI 3-6 course Nakhon Pathon, Thailand. April 2006. Permission given to Michael Olaf Company for reprinting. â€Å"Classroom Guide 6-12†, NAMC, Pages 202-205. How to cite Normalization: Pedagogy and James Paulik Montessori, Papers

Philosophy Abortion Rectitude Essay Example For Students

Philosophy Abortion Rectitude Essay There comes a time in the lives of most women when anovum, fertilized with sperm, will implant itself into her uterinewall. This is natures first step in its attempt to continue thehuman race. Currently, when this implantation occurs, theimpregnated woman has the right to allow the embryo to nourishitself into existence or to eliminate all chances of that embryoattaining life through abortion. Every species of plant andanimal on earth reproduce in one way or another. How couldsomething as ancient and fundamental as reproduction turn intoone of the most hotly contested moral debates in history? Thequestion can only be answered if we first examine theintellectual psyche of the human animal. Since we are currently the most intelligent beings onearth, we use our critical thinking capabilities to selectivelychoose what should be morally acceptable and what should bedeemed unacceptable. To the best of our knowledge, we as humansare the only species in existence that wrestle with moraldilemmas. Absolute morality that will be agreed upon by themajority of a society is extremely difficult to determine sinceeach individual has the ability to decide for themselves what ismorally acceptable. It is because of this decision that ourAmerican culture intensely debates issues of morality suchas abortion. The debate over abortion pits the rights tolife of an unborn fetus against the rights of rational womenwho want to control what happens to their own body. Doesthe termination of a pregnancy deprive a human of their right tolife? Should our government be allowed the power to regulatewhat a woman can and cannot do with her own body? These are twoof the questions which will be deliberate d over throughout thecourse of this paper. In his article Abortion and Infanticide, Michael Tooleytackles two important questions about abortion. The first iswhat properties must someone have in order to be considered aperson, i.e., to have a serious right to life? Tooley answersthat anything which completely lacks consciousness, like ordinarymachines, cannot have rights. If a being does not desiresomething such as consciousness, it is impossible to deprive thatbeing of his right to it. In other words, Tooley argues thatsince a fetus does not show outward desires to have life, it ismorally permissible to abort that fetus. There are threeexceptions to this rule that need to be clarified. First, if thebeing is in a temporary emotionally unbalanced state, such as adeep depression, he should still be allowed rights to life. Secondly, if the being is unconscious due to sleep or some sortof trauma, he should not be deprived of his rights to life. Finally, if the person has been brainwashed by a religious cultor any similar institution into wanting death, he should still begiven a right to life. The second question addressed by Tooley is at what pointin the development of a member of the species Homo Sapiensdoes the organism possess the properties that make it a person?The law in America currently implies that the fetus possesses theproperties that make it a person when it reaches the thirdtrimester or the sixth month of its germination inside theuterus. Is this a reasonable assessment of when a fetus has aright to life? Tooley says No. An organism does not have aright to life unless it possesses the concept of a self as acontinuous being of mental states. This definition of possessinga right to life can be applied to newborn babies that do not yethave a concept of a self as a continuous being. Therefore, it ismorally acceptable to deprive them of their right to life,for they dont show desire for life. According to Tooley,the fetus does not have a right to life at any time therefore,the mother of that fetus should have the right to terminate herpregnancy as she so chooses. T ooley implies that until the fetusreaches the age of about three weeks outside the uterus, it doesnot show signs of wanting life. Only when the child shows signsof desiring life should the child be given a right to life. These arguments are controversial to say the least. However,they contain a rational opinion of when an organism should begiven a right to life. Mary Anne Warren also examines the morality of abortionin her article titled On the Moral and Legal Status ofAbortion. She attempts to address the question how are weto define the moral community, the set of beings with fulland equal moral rights, such that we can decide whether ahuman fetus is a member of this community or not? Toaccomplish this definition, Warren lists five major criteriashe believes are most central to the concept of personhood. They are:1. consciousness so that the being is capable of feelingpain2. reasoning in order to solve relatively complexproblems3. self-motivated activity independent of genetic orexternal control4. the capacity to communicate5. the presence of self-awarenessThese criteria could be used to decide whether or not an alienperson from another realm of existence should be considered aperson, and therefore given human rights. However, a being doesnot need to hold all five of these attributes in order to beconsidered a human being. Warren says possessing only criterion(1) and (2) would be sufficient for personhood. If thesecriteria are acceptable requirements for a being to be consideredhuman, then a fetus is definitely not human since it possessesnone of these characteristics. Warren says the one exception toan entity being given human status even though they do not meetthe above five criterion is someone whose consciousness hasbeen obliterated, through trauma, stroke, etc Warrenclassifies s uch a being as a defective human, not a person. Play Report On A Look Back In Anger EssayWhen the issue of contraceptives is brought up, a wholenew argument arises. For instance, most devout anti-abortionistsagree that the use of the birth control pill is an acceptableform of contraception. These people are ignorant hypocrites. They are either unaware of the fact that the pill works by notallowing the fertilized egg to implant into the uterine wall orelse they just choose to ignore it. Therefore, every time awoman has intercourse while she is on the pill, there is a chanceshe may be causing the death of a child. If the right-wingedanti-abortionists were educated in the physiology of the birthcontrol pill, they would have to declare its use immoral. TheI.U.D. is a birth control method comparable to the pill. It is asmall, Y-shaped piece of plastic that is inserted into theuterus. Whenever a fertilized egg attempts to attach itself tothe nutrient-rich uterine wall, the harsh plastic of the I.U.D. scrapes it off. This method also ends a potential life but youdont hear the anti-abortion extremists protesting its use. Woman who use the I.U.D., could be convicted of mass murder ifthe Supreme Court were to outlaw abortion. If right-to-lifersare to be consistent in their beliefs, people who stronglybelieve in a fetuses right to life should only use birth controlmethods which do not allow implantation of the embryo. Theinclude the male/female condom, diaphragm with foam, the rhythmmethod, or abstinence. These types of child prevention are notsupposed to allow sperm and egg to unite. Other forms of birthcontrol actually end the germination process of an embryo whichshould be labeled morally unacceptable by anti-abortionists ifthey are not to be declared hypocrites. A justification for the womans right to have an abortioncomes from the potentiality argument. The argument goes: Jononce was a fetus. Now Jon is a human. It does not follow fromthis that Jon is now a fetus. Jon will never again be a fetustherefore, human rights given to Jon should not be given to thefetus simply because Jon was once a fetus and is now a human. Iffetuses were to be given human rights simply because they willone day be a human then we as logical beings would have to alterour entire way of thinking. We could never drop a piece offabric, for it may one day be sewn into an American flag. Wemust not scratch a piece of metal, for it may one day be thefender of a Rolls Royce. The list could go on and on and as itdid, it would get more and more ridiculous. The fact that thefetus will one day be a human should not be given considerationwhen debating abortion because of the potentiality argument. Abortion is an issue that the majority of Americans havea definite opinion about. It can usually be broken down intoreligious groups. Those who believe strongly in the word ofGod are the ones who admonish abortion and all who practice it. Some of these extremists would deny a woman the chance for anabortion even in the case where she has been impregnated becauseof a rape or incest. They site one of the Ten Commandments whichstates Thou shalt not kill as their guiding light. This isironic since these very people have been known to murder Doctorswho perform abortions. Most anti-abortionists are not sodrastic. They would allow abortions to be legal under certaincircumstances such as pregnancies that occurred because of rape,molestation, or incest. Are these moderates being hypocriticalby taking this view? Regardless of who the father is or how themother got pregnant, half the genetic make-up of the child stillbelongs to her. If you are going to take an anti-abortionstance, you should not allow these victimized women to have anabortion. On the other hand, people who support the womansright to choose whether or not to have an abortion are typicallyliberals who dont affiliate strongly with any one religion. They generally dont deny that a potential human is beingdestroyed when an abortion takes place. However, they believethe life and desires of the already living woman outweigh anyrights the fetus may have. Since I am an Epicureanist, I believe each woman shouldbe given the means by which they can get a safe, legal abortionif they so choose. Whatever promotes the greatest amount ofhappiness for the greatest number of already living woman shouldbe promoted by the government. The State should not placerestrictions on the womans right to govern what she does withher own body. Women who are desperate enough to seek out anabortion are not going to abandon the idea simply because thegovernment has declared it illegal. They will search out backalley abortions which would be unsanitary, dangerous, andpossibly lethal. The health of women cannot be put in jeopardysimply because a few bureaucrats have a moral dilemma withabortion. Because having an abortion is legal, does not meananyone is forced into aborting their fetus. If you choose tocarry your child to term, more power to you. However, dontenforce your morality onto others. Allow people the right to beindividuals and establish their own mora lity. If the governmentwere to step in and attempt to regulate morality in this case, itcould create an avalanche of laws concerning moral issues. Thiscountry is based on the premise of freedom, lets keep it thatway.

Rachel Carson Environment Essay Essay Example

Rachel Carson Environment Essay Paper Fortunately, thanks to the work of many environmentalists all around the oral from the present day, the world may be able to recover from all its injuries caused by the insatiable human race. Rachel Carbons book Silent Spring, which spurred the environmental movement, helped raise awareness for the environment, warn humans of the dangers Of using pesticides such as EDT, preserve several plant and animal species, and make the atmosphere cleaner Rachel Carbons Silent Spring, which was published in 1962, was undoubtedly a critical turning point in history which prompted attention to environmental issues. Some say that Carbons book was a marker for the ginning of the modern American environmental movement (Geary). Carson was a revolutionary and had an astounding influential power. Silent Spring highlighted many of the damages done to the environment by the use of pesticides (Kelly). This of course, attracted many scientists to begin researching the issue but had other benefits as well. Her work was so intriguing and influential that the vibrations of [her] work resounded not only in academia but in the mind of the public as well (Kelly). Truly, Carbons concerns caught the attention of many people, both scientists and the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Rachel Carson Environment Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rachel Carson Environment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rachel Carson Environment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because of her efforts, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1 970 (Kelly). Rachel Carson spearheaded the Environmental campaign and helped raise awareness about the growing risks of damages caused to the environment. In addition to the growth of awareness during the environmental movement, some dangers to animal life also grew. In her book, Rachel Carson explores the effects of pesticides. The most famous of these was dichloride-dividend-theoretician (EDT), which had been used to control pest insects, like mosquitoes and lice, in many countries (The Environmental Movement). Although Carson warned of the dangers of using these long-lasting pesticides, some insisted on the continuation of their usage. Farmers liked EDT because it helped to control insect damage to their crops (The Environmental Movement). Obviously, there are effects to the use of such pesticides. Carson explains that, overtime, EDT and other long- lasting pesticides had become part of the food chain. This is due to the chemicals, remaining on plants and water after spraying, were ingested by small animals, which were then eaten by larger animals, including humans (The Environmental Movement). Carson definitely foresaw the dangers of using pesticides towards animal life and had a kind heart towards the lives of those several animal species that were being affected. She pointed out that these pesticides killed not only harmful insects like mosquitoes but also the ones that were innocent, such as bees, fish, and birds (The Environmental Movement). The environmental movement helped to preserve numerous species on planet earth. The earth is home to a vast variety of plants and animals. But, even with the slightest change to the environment, can completely devastate an ecosystem (The Environmental Movement). Protecting and preserving this rich animal life on earth was an important part of the environmental movement. In fact, one of the most significant issues of the environmental movement has been the fight to protect animal and plant species from becoming extinct (The Environmental Movement). This concern for animal extinction and preservation had several positive effects. For example, Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act in 1966 in hopes of lowering the extinction rate (The Environmental Movement). This law was a huge improvement for animal extinction rights ND preservation. However, this law only applied to fish and wildlife, and only to species native to the United States (The Environmental Movement). A few years later, another law would be passed to further help the preservation efforts. This law was The Endangered Species Conservation Act, passed in 1969, which broadened coverage to offer greater protection to larger numbers of animals (The Environmental Movement). Another law passed in 1973, the Endangered Species Act, further strengthened protections for endangered species. This law helped define the term endangered species as one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (The Environmental Movement). With the help of many federal agencies, combined with the efforts of other organizations as the World Wildlife Fund, a significant impact was made to help preserve the lives of several plant and animal species throughout the environmental movement. During the environmental movement, some environmental hazards became the focus of attention and posed a severe threat to planet earths well-being. An important focal point of the environmental movement was global warming. Global warming is the warming of the earths climate due to the increase of harmful gases caused by human activitysuch as carbon dioxide, methane, and CIFS (The Environmental Movement). One of the ways to decrease greenhouse gases and other harmful emissions is to reduce the worlds dependence on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are oils that are created inside the earth but that are not renewable which include coal, natural gas, and oil CIFS (The Environmental Movement). The process of extracting these fossil fuels can be dangerous and devastating. Mining for coal can have a vegetating impact on the landscape, leaving scars like deep holes and mountains with their tops shaved Off as well as produce toxic waste that pollutes waterways (the Environmental Movement). There are drastic results that can occur to the burning of fossil fuels. The danger in burning natural gas results in emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane (The Environmental Movement). Of course, fossil fuels are an important cause in pollution, but another factor comes from the daily life of humans. Humans use their cars as an everyday transportation method but, the truth is, that it also increasing the CO levels in the air. Another factor of pollution comes from deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing of forests in order to make room for new development projects. Unfortunately, the logging of forests also results in increases in carbon dioxide (The Environmental Movement). Clearly, the world would be much cleaner if it werent for all these damaging emissions from gases and fossil fuels. Rachel Carbons Silent Spring, helped to spearhead the important environmental movement that would change the way people look at the environment forever. Through her efforts, she was able to give people knowledge about he environment, warn humans of the risks of using harmful pesticides, protect many different plant and animal species, and, most importantly, make the earth a healthier place to live. Maybe if humans work together a little harder, they might be able to keep the earth juicy for just a view more centuries.

itsluy essays

itsluy essays Only thirty years after the Piedmontese army marched into Rome to unite Italy under one government, the country suddenly found itself on the brink of the twentieth century and a rapidly changing world. The twentieth century would mark the beginning of great changes throughout Europe, and Italy would not be left untouched. What set the stage for these changes, though, were the years just prior to, and directly after 1900. The decade before 1900 can be thought of in terms of its government leaders, most notably, Francesco Crispi. Crispi attempted to lead Italy with administrative reforms and expansion abroad. The 1890s, however, also marked a time of great crisis, as riots over the prices of food grew increasingly common, and government oppression became more and more blatant. It was not uncommon for the prime ministers of the time to issue decrees without parliament by claiming royal authority, or to dissolve opposition parties. Even the end of the Sicilian fasci movement, which carried out strikes and opposition demonstrations, came when Crispi sent the military in on one of their strikes, imprisoning all of their leaders. Crispis attempts to turn Italy into a world power through colonialism failed as well. In the 1890s, the Italian governments various attempts at turning nearby African nation Ethiopia into a colony were met with heavy losses and crushing defeats. Although Italy did manage to conquer Libya, it did not help very much. Libyas annexation in 1896 lowered living conditions for the lower class and increased prices across the nation. Libya was a veritable economic sinkhole for Italy, even as peasants from the South emigrated in large numbers to seek work there. With the atmosphere of discontent present in Italy at the time, this did not bode well for the countrys leaders and politicians. Italians had the impression that their government was bumbling and ineffectual, and that it ...

The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America

The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America The largest domesticated animals in South America are the camelids, quadruped animals which played a central role in the economic, social, and ritual lives of past Andean hunter-gatherers, herders, and farmers. Like domesticated quadrupeds in Europe and Asia, South American camelids were first hunted as prey before being domesticated. Unlike most of those domesticated quadrupeds, however, those wild ancestors are still living today. Four Camelids Four camels, or more precisely camelids, are recognized in South America today, two wild and two domesticated. The two wild forms, the larger guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the daintier vicuà ±a (Vicugna vicugna) diverged from a common ancestor some two million years ago, an event unrelated to domestication. Genetic research indicates that the smaller alpaca (Lama pacos L.), is the domesticated version of the smaller wild form, the vicuà ±a; while the larger llama (Lama glama L) is the domesticated form of the larger guanaco. Physically, the line between llama and alpaca has been blurred as a result of deliberate hybridization between the two species over the last 35 years or so, but that hasnt stopped researchers from getting to the heart of the matter. All four of the camelids are grazers or browser-grazers, although they have different geographic distributions today and in the past. Historically and in the present, the camelids were all used for meat and fuel, as well as wool for clothing and a source of string for making  quipu and baskets. The Quechua (the state language of the Inca) word for dried camelid meat is charki, Spanish charqui, and the etymological progenitor of the English term jerky. Llama and Alpaca Domestication The earliest evidence for domestication of both llama and alpaca comes from archaeological sites located in the Puna region of the Peruvian Andes, at between ~4000–4900 meters (13,000–14,500 feet) above sea level. At Telarmachay Rockshelter, located 170 kilometers (105 miles) northeast of Lima, faunal evidence from the long-occupied site traces an evolution of human subsistence related to the camelids. The first hunters in the region (~9000–7200 years ago), lived on generalized hunting of guanaco, vicuà ±a and huemul deer. Between 7200–6000 years ago, they switched to specialized hunting of guanaco and vicuà ±a. Control of domesticated alpacas and llamas was in effect by 6000–5500 years ago, and a predominant herding economy based on llama and alpaca was established at Telarmachay by 5500 years ago. Evidence for domestication of llama and alpaca accepted by scholars include changes in dental morphology, the presence of fetal and neonatal camelids in archaeological deposits, and an increasing reliance on camelids indicated by the frequency of camelid remains in deposits. Wheeler has estimated that by 3800 years ago, the people at Telarmachay based 73% of their diet on camelids. Llama (Lama glama, Linnaeus 1758) The llama is the larger of the domestic camelids and resembles the guanaco in almost all aspects of behavior and morphology. Llama is the Quechua term for L. glama, which is known as qawra by Aymara speakers. Domesticated from the guanaco in the Peruvian Andes some 6000–7000 years ago, the llama was moved into lower elevations by 3,800 years ago, and by 1,400 years ago, they were kept in herds on the northern coasts of Peru and Ecuador. In particular, the Inca used llamas to move their imperial pack trains into southern Colombia and central Chile. Llamas range in height from 109–119 centimeters (43–47 inches) at the withers, and in weight from 130–180 kilograms (285–400 pounds). In the past, llamas were used as beasts of burden, as well as for meat, hides, and fuel from their dung. Llamas have upright ears, a leaner body, and less wooly legs than the alpacas. According to Spanish records, the Inca had a hereditary caste of herding specialists, who bred animals with specific colored pelts for sacrificing to different deities. Information on flock size and colors are believed to have been kept using the quipu. Herds were both individually-owned and communal. Alpaca (Lama pacos Linnaeus 1758) The alpaca is considerably smaller than the llama, and it most resembles the vicuà ±a in aspects of social organization and appearance. Alpacas range from 94–104 cm (37–41 in) in height and about 55–85 kg (120–190 lb) in weight. Archaeological evidence suggests that, like llamas, alpacas were domesticated first in the Puna highlands of central Peru about 6,000–7,000 years ago. Alpacas were first brought to lower elevations about 3,800 years ago and are in evidence at coastal locales by 900–1000 years ago. Their smaller size rules out their use as beasts of burden, but they have a fine fleece that is prized throughout the world for its delicate, light-weight, cashmere-like wool that comes in a range of colors from white, through fawn, brown, gray, and black. Ceremonial Role in South American Cultures Archaeological evidence suggests that both llamas and alpacas were part of a sacrificial rite in Chiribaya culture sites such as El Yaral, where naturally mummified animals were found buried beneath house floors. Evidence for their use in Chavà ­n culture sites such as Chavà ­n de Huntar is somewhat equivocal but seems likely. Archaeologist Nicolas Goepfert found that, among the Mochica at least, only domestic animals were part of sacrificial ceremonies. Kelly Knudson and colleagues studied camelid bones from Inca feasts at Tiwanaku in Bolivia and identified evidence that camelids consumed in the feasts were just as often from outside the Lake Titicaca region as local. Evidence that llama and alpaca were what made the extensive trade along the huge Inca road network possible has been known from historical references. Archaeologist Emma Pomeroy investigated the robusticity of human limb bones dated between 500–1450 CE from the site of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile and used that to identify traders involved in those camelid caravans, particularly after the collapse of Tiwanaku. Modern Alpaca and Llama Herds Quechua and Aymara-speaking herders today subdivide their herds into llama-like (llamawari or waritu) and alpaca-like (pacowari or wayki) animals, depending on physical appearance. Crossbreeding of the two has been attempted to increase the amount of alpaca fiber (higher quality), and fleece weight (a llama characteristics). The upshot has been to decrease the quality of alpaca fiber from a pre-conquest weight similar to cashmere to a thicker weight which fetches lower prices in international markets. Sources Chepstow-Lusty, Alex J. Agro-Pastoralism and Social Change in the Cuzco Heartland of Peru: A Brief History Using Environmental Proxies. Antiquity 85.328 (2011): 570–82. Print.Fehrens-Schmitz, Lars, et al. Climate Change Underlies Global Demographic, Genetic, and Cultural Transitions in Pre-Columbian Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.26 (2014): 9443–8. Print.Garcà ­a, Marà ­a Elena. The Taste of Conquest: Colonialism, Cosmopolitics, and the Dark Side of Perus Gastronomic Boom. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 18.3 (2013): 505–24. Print.Goepfert, Nicolas. The Llama and the Deer: Dietary and Symbolic Dualism in the Central Andes. Anthropozoologica 45.1 (2010): 25–45. Print.Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420 years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Knud son, Kelly J., Kristin R. Gardella, and Jason Yaeger. Provisioning Inka Feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: The Geographic Origins of Camelids in the Pumapunku Complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.2 (2012): 479–91. Print. Lopez, Gabriel E. J., and Federico Restifo. Middle Holocene Intensification and Domestication of Camelids in North Argentina, as Tracked by Zooarchaeology and Lithics. Antiquity 86.334 (2012): 1041–54. Print.Marà ­n, J. C., et al. Y-Chromosome and Mtdna Variation Confirms Independent Domestications and Directional Hybridization in South American Camelids. Animal Genetics 48.5 (2017): 591–95. Print.Pomeroy, Emma. Biomechanical Insights into Activity and Long Distance Trade in the South-Central Andes (AD  500–1450). Journal of Archaeological Science 40.8 (2013): 3129–40. Print.Russell, Grant. Determining South American Camelid Domestication through Skeletal Morphology. Rutgers University, 2017. Print.Smith, Scott C., and Maribel Pà ©rez Arias. From Bodies to Bones: Death and Mobility in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Antiquity 89.343 (2015): 106–21. Print.Valverde, Guido, et al. Ancient DNA Analysis Suggests Negligible Impact of the Wari Empire Expansion in Peru’s Central Coast During the Middle Horizon. PLoS ONE (2016). Print. Yacobaccio, Hugo D., and Bibiana L. Vil. A Model for Llama (Lama Glama Linnaeus, 1758) Domestication in the Southern Andes. Anthropozoologica 51.1 (2016): 5–13. Print.

Sand creek massacre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sand creek massacre - Research Paper Example Though there was chaos and panic upon the start of the attack, some Native Americans refused to fight. Chief Black Kettle and Chief White Antelope of the Cheyenne stood with their arms folded, having unsuccessfully tried to stop the raid, signifying that even now they would not take up arms or move against the attacking soldiers3. Chief Black Kettle also hoisted the American flag atop his lodge, along with the white flag of surrender, as he had been promised by Colonel Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, that should he fly the American flag he would be under the protection of the soldiers and kept safe4. However, on that day, it did not help to save his people. Men, women, and children were killed without reason or sympathy, even those that put white cloth on sticks and showed their surrender5. Nothing mattered to Chivington but clearing out the Native Americans, and their hatred knew few bounds. Chivington wasted no time in celebration. He gleefully sent a telegram that informed his superiors of his victory, stating that between 400 and 500 Native American warriors were killed (in reality, it was 105 women and children, and 28 men)6. However, Chivington took delight in making it sound as though it had been the result of a very long and hard-won battle, praising his officers lavishly as he did so7. He had lost only nine men and had 38 wounded, mostly from friendly fire8. The encampments of both tribes were burned to the ground, on the orders of Colonel Chivington, before the soldiers rode away9. Though the bloodlust for Native Americans had been satisfied, the results would damage Native American relations for years to come. Chivington, as well as others, were called to testify before Congress, to the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. According to the published report, it was found that his acts were

Exemplification Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exemplification Assignment - Essay Example Villagers were also jealous to him. One day it so happened that the horse was missing from its place. Villagers reminded him that how he missed a big fortune that he could have amassed from the king. Without horse now he had turned a pauper that was what villagers called him. It was a big misfortune in the eyes of villagers. The farmer accepted the fact that he had certainly lost the horse and that was all. Nothing could be made out of the event that whether he had gone pauper or not. A week had gone by then and suddenly one day the horse returned. In fact, he was simply lost in the woods on his own. This time he came with a battalion of many more horses. Villagers commented, "You have struck even a bigger fortune; now you can sell these horses and garner even a larger sum from the king†. Again, the farmer reminded him about the uncertainty. "No one knows what is going to happen". One day, while riding one of the horses that had come from the woods, his young and only son got h is ankle fractured. All villagers gathered and commented, "what a misfortune; your son is the only support in your old age and the whole life your son will now live a miserable life. This pet horse of yours has brought a biggest misfortune for you. Had he not gone in the woods and brought more wild horses with him perhaps, your son would not have suffered from this casualty". On this, the farmer reminded them, â€Å"Life is so uncertain that to form any views is not wisdom†. It so happened that after a few days, a king from neighborhood attacked on the farmer’s country. The king that ruled the farmer’s village was not fully equipped so he ordered all young boys between age 18 and 25 to join the army immediately. The king’s men visited farmer’s home to take his son along with many other young boys from the village. Having seen that the farmer’s son had broken his ankle and he was of no use to them they spared him. His son was saved off from g oing to the war. The villagers again gathered and told the farmer, â€Å"Your pet horse has been really fortunate to you. It is because of the horse that your son has been let off to go to the war while each one of us has been forced to send our sons to the battle field and we don’t know what would happen to them whether they would come back alive or not†. The moral of the story is that life is full of uncertainties and people continue to toss between fortune and misfortune, good and bad throughout their life. The uncertainty principle is not limited to one's life; in fact, it applies to all natural events too. That is what known as Chaos theory that speaks about extreme complexities in nature. The chaos theory is based on the premise that very simple system or events can give birth to very complex behaviors or events (Chaos Theory for Beginners). Even quantum mechanics encompasses the principle of uncertainty while discussing the momentum or position of a particle â⠂¬â€œ the more accurately the position of a particle is earmarked, the less precisely one can indicate about its position. In simple terms, it means that uncertainty is now an accepted way of life in the realms of science too (The uncertainty Principle). Conclusion I strongly agree with Benjamin’s above aphorism that how our life will progress is entirely uncertain. That understanding gives me inner strength to accept the good and bad

Greek Mythology and Nicolas Poussin Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology and Nicolas Poussin Essay On April 26 2013 I visited the Detroit Art Institute. In there I have seen plenty of interesting art sculptures, artifacts, and paintings. The one that really enjoyed the most is â€Å"Selene and Endymion† by Nicolas Poussin, a French artist. He made this painting back in 1630. Currently, the painting is in the European paintings exhibit section in the DIA. The painting itself uses oil on canvas for its medium, and the dimensions are: 48 x 66 1/2 inches. The painting is about Selene and Endymion. Selene is a Greek goddess who happens to fall in love with farmer named Endymion. Selene knows Endymion will age and pass away eventually due to him being a mortal, so she asked Zeus to make him immortal to prevent her lover from aging and dying. Zeus accepted the request on the condition that he is put in eternal sleep instead. Endymion loved Selene so much that he was willing to do it in order to be with her forever. Thus the couples wish was granted and Endymion was with Selene, in a slumber forever. The art shows forms by using contours and dynamic elements. The contour of the characters and the background shows surfaces giving it some mass. The picture also shows Helios and Eos moving towards the left side and Endymion kneeling towards Selene, these dynamics gives the picture mass and dimensions. The painting uses a great deal of values as well. On the right side of the painting, it uses a darker value compared to the left side of the painting. This is to show and represent day, dawn, and night on the art picture. Another use of values is used to show the distances in the background. As we can see the deities Eos and Helios are in a darker shade compared to Endymion and Selene, this is to show the distances between them. Lastly, the painting use values to show shadows and mass, giving the picture forms and dimensions. Time itself is used as another visual element. The art uses time as a way to capture a moment in time. As mentioned before, we see Helios and Eos moving towards the left side of the picture and Endymion kneeling to Selene. These movements show a moment captured, using time as a concept. The artist shows a good symmetrical balance. It has a good distribution of visual weight. The left side of picture, it shows Endymion, Selene, Eos and Eros and on the right side it shows Helios and three unknown characters. The emphasis of the art is on Endymion and Selene as they are the subject of the art. Both of the subjects have a larger size compared to the other characters; they are also heavily colored in value and in texture compared to the others. Nicolas also put in more details on the subject’s faces and body than the rest of the art subjects. The characters all have parts that are pleasing proportions to each other. They have the same proportions as regular real life humans. The heads, the arms, and legs are in all relation to the rest of their bodies. The picture has a lot of content and meaning. Helios, the sun god is painted has a gold like aura, which seems to represents the sun. Selene, the moon goddess is on the left side which represents the night. Eos, the goddess of dawn is right between them. The movement of these deities also represent the day going forward. As Helios is moving forward, a curtain is following him, showing that night is coming forward. Eros, the god of love is hovering around Selene while she is talking to Endymion. This is to show their affection for one another. Lastly, the unknown sleeping people are representation of what is about to come, Endymion is about to have an eternal slumber to be with Selene. I have always liked Greek mythology ever since I was young boy. After learning how to see art and see its visual elements and organizing principles, it made me appreciate â€Å"Selene and Endymion† by Nicolas Poussin even more. My interest in art and in Greek mythology is combined together in this subject. Citation: â€Å"Selene and Endymion† by Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) Date: c. 1630 Medium: Oil on canvas Dimensions: 48 x 66 1/2 in. (121. 9 x 168. 9 cm) with frame: 59 x 77 1/4 x 3 1/2 in. 149. 9 x 196. 2 x 8. 9 cm Department: European Painting.

Value of an Education Essay -- Education School College

Value of an Education In today's society education is really important. Education has evolved a lot over time and has shaped American society. Back in the day, education was not as important because many jobs did not have educational requirements. In those days you could have a high school diploma and get a good job. Today, if you only have a high school diploma the types of jobs that you can get include fast food restaurants or maybe construction work. Getting your college degree is very essential to your economic success and your ability to get a good job that pays well. Prior to entering college in the fall, I felt that college would be very challenging for me because of what my friends that were already attending college told me. I feel that high school as a whole does not prepare you for work at the college level. Many people in high school study very little or they might not study at all and they can still maintain an A average. At the college level you can not study very little and expect to get the same results. If high school better prepared students for college there would be more college students making it to their sophomore years of college instead of dropping out. Another big difference between high school and college is the fact that there is so much freedom in college. In high school you are on such a tight leash that you are forced to do things that you aren't forced to do in college. For example, in high school, if you don't go to class, your parents will be notified. In college, you're on your own and you need to make the decision t o go class as scheduled. I think that this is one of the main reasons why students flunk out of college. Many students at the age of 18 and 19 see that most classes don't take ... ...education very highly, so it is fitting that the University of Kentucky do the same. Values teach us that we can reach as high as we can, rather than cutting ourselves short. The University offers highest standards of achievement which enable students to realize their full potential. I believe that the University of Kentucky is a good school that supports every student to be the best they can be. " A school that operates with a set of values that ensures a common and consistent code of respectful and responsible behavior makes a significant difference. Students learn far better when they are a part of a school that consciously applies values education policies, behavior strategies and teaching programs that employs trained teachers who can discuss values issues in all areas of the curriculum." Lawley, Judy. Living Values. Values Education, 2003

Use Of Web Technologies In Education Education Essay

The purpose of this essay is to research the possible usage of web 2.0 engineerings as a larning tool in higher instruction, to set up what schemes should be used to maximise the possible benefits of web 2.0.I will analyze some instances to analyse the web 2.0 schemes which have been taken in instruction and acquisition. In peculiar, I will turn to the strategic deductions of web 2.0 engineerings in back uping pupil acquisition.IntroductionThe nature of instruction and acquisition has ever been linked with the nature of the engineering used in any historical period. In the age of orality or pre authorship, instruction was preponderantly unwritten and address was the lone manner of communicating. As people moved from orality to composing civilization, their thought created civilizations with alone features that were different from orality civilization ( Ong 1982 ) .In the age of print civilization, cognition was obtained and disseminated easy utilizing engineering. The handiness of in formation in the print civilization has led to progresss in topics such as scientific discipline as bookmans were able to portion their information.The technological developments of the industrial revolution besides changed the creative activity and airing of cognition as instructors used the printed stuffs and text editions to reassign cognition and information to a group of scholars. Ong ( 1982 ) separate the primary unwritten civilization ( public communicating and speaking ) from ‘secondary ‘ orality civilization which developed by communicating media such as Radio which accentnate sound. The secondary orality includes elements from both the authorship and the orality civilization. He states that secondary orality civilization are empathic, foster a strong sense of rank in a group, and unite people in groups whereas composing promotes distance between readers and writers. Therefore, secondary orality is a societal manner of understanding the sentiments of others thro ugh duologue and edifice relationships which are different from print civilization which isolates people. A theoretical account of secondary orality can be presented in instruction and larning utilizing web 2.0 tools.This provides chance to incorporate some facets of authorship and unwritten features utilizing web 2.0 technologies.Web 2.0 engineerings have many features of secondary orality which includes the treatments about the subjects of concerns which are close to the human life and through duologue and interactions pupils and instructors are able to portion their sentiments.For illustration, Downes ( 2004 ) implemented web 2.0 schemes to advance communicating and sharing cognition among pupils. He integrated some facets of authorship and unwritten features in his instruction through web logs and supply chances for pupils to non merely use information but besides create and portion content. First, he created a web log to print information and supply resources for pupils which a re similar to textbooks that have authorization and ownership on printing information ( composing and print civilization ) . Second, he besides used web logs to supply the chance for pupils to discourse about specific subjects and range to collective understanding which is similar to secondary orality civilization in which pupils were able to prosecute in conversation and portion their sentiments. Web 2.0 has the possible to integrate some facets of authorship and orality activities in order to heighten acquisition and instruction However, despite many benefits of web 2.0 in instruction, a figure of surveies provide grounds in which instructors failed to ease active interaction among pupils ( eg Lankshear & A ; Knobel,2003 ) . Therefore, it appears apprehensible that successful usage of web 2.0 engineerings require schemes in order to take advantages of these tools.Potential benefits of web 2.0 engineeringsMcClintock ( 1992, p42 ) argues that the print system has dominated instructi on for the past five centuries and the physical nature of books ‘necessarily influences the manner that pedagogues organise education'.Ong ( 1982 ) states that although the instruction has been deeply affected by print civilization but the coming of electronic communicating that introduce a secondary orality have a profound on instruction. Similarly, McLuhan ( 1957 ) argues that the development of communicating tools would transform formal instruction. However, such anticipations about the transmutation potency of engineering have failed to come true. Cuban ( 1993 ) argues that many educational claims were made for each new engineering and later each claim was disproved by new developments. Cuban states that the engineering has been ignored by many instructors despite extended investing in engineering. Furthermore, he provides two grounds why engineering has non changed the instruction. Firse, cultural beliefs sing instruction and acquisition, 2nd, the print paradigm of the 19 th century has shaped the instruction. However, despite important investings in ICT in instruction in last 10 old ages, it had a small impact in educational patterns. This was in portion due to confusion about why we want to utilize ICT, and what we want to accomplish, and how we want to utilize ICT with respect to limitations exists in instruction. As Cloke ( 2001, p8 ) states †teachers are being encouraged to learn old cognition with new engineerings † . However, implementing web 2.0 engineerings require schemes in order to advance instruction and acquisition. Richardson ( 2004 ) implemented web 2.0 schemes in his instruction and acquisition to promote pupils to prosecute in an on-line treatment utilizing web log engineering. He besides provided existent activities in order to advance sharing cognition among pupils and teachers.He invited the parents and writers to portion and take part in the treatment of ‘The Secret Life of Bees ‘ . He found that web logs enable pupils to prosecute in conversat ion, think more critically, reflect on their acquisition and construct their relationships with equals and instructors ( Richardson, 2006 ) . Richardson besides found that web logs helped loath pupils to portion their sentiments in category, and integrated in the acquisition community. Therefore, to advancing communicating and sharing cognition among pupils, instructors need to implement schemes in order to promote pupils to take part in collaborative activities.Lifelong acquisition and web 2.0 engineeringThe possible benefits of web 2.0 engineerings lie in their capacity to ease coaction, connect instructors, pupils, and experts together to portion their cognition. The European committee ( 2006 ) supply a set of grounds for utilizing information engineering in instruction in a manner that encourage usage of web 2.0 engineerings. They province that the universities need to portion excellence in research and instruction and supply sufficient entree to resources. Web 2.0 engineerings provide the chance for pedagogues to work collaboratively careless of geographical boundaries and supply entree to a huge scope of resources which support life long larning. It besides allows users to work collaboratively and portion their cognition. There is a important accent on educational policy in back uping womb-to-tomb acquisition. Brophy, Craven and fisher ( 1998 ) specify the construct of womb-to-tomb acquisition as follows â€Å" life long acquisition is a deliberate, patterned advance throughout the life of an person, where the initial acquisition of cognition and accomplishments is reviewed and upgraded continuously, to run into challenges set by an of all time altering society † ( p.1 ) . It is hence clear that life long learning requires the development of cognition, accomplishments, and values throughout our life. These accomplishments and competences can be achieved through coaction and sharing our experiences and cognition. Delors ( 1996 ) identified â€Å" four pillars of womb-to-tomb acquisition: acquisition to cognize, larning to make, larning to populate together, and larning to be â€Å" ( p.37 ) . He emphasises on larning to populate together as the foundation of instruction and discourse that by working together we can understand the sentiments of others and portion our jobs and involvements, develop our communicating, societal accomplishments, and critical thought and take the personal duty for our ends and larning. To advance life long acquisition, pupils, and instructors need to hold sufficient and easy entree to resources, being collaborative and being able to build and portion their cognition. Wanger ( 2004 ) argues that there are a demand for cognition creative activity and sharing through duologue with inquiries and replies. Furthermore, he distinguishes between demands of cognition users and cognition Godheads. He demonstrates that in building cognition, users need to happen relevant information, obtain the cognition, a nd happen good quality of the beginnings. In footings of demands of cognition Godheads. He states that new cognition should be created, collected and disseminated as rapidly possible to work out jobs because cognition alteration quickly. Therefore, web 2.0 have the capacity to make, gaining control and portion our cognition. Will Richardson ( 2006, weblog ) writes: â€Å" The good intelligence for all of us is that today, anyone can go a womb-to-tomb scholar. ( Yes, even you. ) These engineerings are user friendly in a manner that engineerings have non been in the yesteryear. You can be up and blogging in proceedingss, redacting wikis in seconds, doing podcasts in, well, less clip than you ‘d believe. It ‘s non hard at all to be an active subscriber in this society of writing we are constructing†¦ â€Å" ( n.p ) .These surveies indicate that web 2.0 engineering provide chance for people to be womb-to-tomb scholars and maintain up to day of the month with developme nts in subjects of their involvements. In peculiar, web 2.0 tools can back up larning and professional development in a life long learning by offering entree to a huge assortment of larning content that can supplement initial preparation. Learning is non merely about utilizing new tools to entree information and sharing our cognition, it is besides about utilizing the engineering to develop our acquisition and work out jobs. However, the chief challenge for instruction is non engineering ; it is our cultural and pedagogical beliefs. The chief biggest challenges in utilizing web 2.0 engineering harmonizing to Becta ‘s web 2.0 researches ( 2008 ) is how to promote pupils to prosecute actively in making and sharing cognition. The undermentioned subdivision provides an overview on web 2.0 schemes which have been taken at universities to ease acquisition.Case surveies and Web 2.0 schemesFranklin and Harmelen ( 2007 ) look into the usage of a scope of societal package tools in highe r instruction analyzing the schemes which have been taken in implementing web 2.0 at four UK universities: Warwick, Leeds, Brighton, and Edinburgh.They besides identified several jobs and issues associated with implementing web 2.0 engineerings. The University of Brigton implemented web 2.0 schemes to advance societal and community webs among pupils and instructors. One of the chief findings was that part of professionals to larning and learning were slow. They besides found that there were some inappropriate stations among pupils which have been disappeared due to peer force per unit area. The University of Edinburgh implemented web 2.0 schemes such as â€Å" utilizing web logs and RSS provenders alternatively of newssheets, utilizing societal bookmarking to ease the direction of class cubic decimeter reading lists in a collaborative manner and supplying podcasts as portion of support stuffs â€Å" ( p.12 ) .The university high spots the importance of run intoing demands of pupils instead than choosing best tools. The Warwick University besides implemented web log engineering to heighten instruction and acquisition. One of the chief findings was that web logs have positively changed societal interaction among pupils and staff but instructors were a spot slow on incorporating the tools into their instruction. Some pupils used web log for societal activities and other pupils used web logs for â€Å" academic authorship such as book reviews â€Å" ( P.9 ) .John Dale, Head of IT service in Warwick ‘s university in Guardian article ( 2005 ) states that the intent for implementing web 2.0 tools were ‘self printing for all ‘ . Furthermore, John states that we need to be †open head about web logs.There is tonss of other ways of back uping contemplation and personal development, or community and coaction † ( n.p ) . Therefore, instructors ‘ motive and pedagogical beliefs about the demands of pupils may act upon the manner they choose and design the content. A figur e of surveies have shown that the successful execution of educational engineerings depends on the attitudes of pedagogues, who make up one's mind how to utilize engineering in their schoolroom. Downes ( 2005 ) as cited in Franklin & A ; Harmelen ( 2007 ) states that â€Å" acquisition is characterised non merely by greater liberty for the scholar, but besides a greater accent on active acquisition with creative activity, communicating and engagement playing cardinal functions, and on altering functions for the instructor, so even a prostration of the differentiation between instructors and pupil together † . Therefore, instructors have of import function to supply picks that allow pupils develop their ain involvements. The University of Leeds implemented web 2.0 schemes to in promote instruction and larning.They provide developing Sessionss and workshops for back uping pupils and instructors. This scheme helped instructors to concentrate more on new ways of instruction and presenting information to pupils. It besides helped pupils to go familar with web 2.0 functionality before get downing the class. In a degree class at the section of classics at the University of Leeds, Green ( 2009 ) used the wiki engineering in his ancient Roman faith faculty to affect pupils in the creative activity of the stuffs they study in the schoolroom, and go more active participants in their group undertaking. He was positive about utilizing the wiki in-group undertaking and identified several benefits of utilizing the wiki. These benefits include: edifice a acquisition community ; constructing a deeper apprehension of the class, flexibleness in footings of location in which everyone can work at any clip and any topographic point and easy to put up and run the collaborative undertaking. Of the possible advantages listed supra, the coach considers measuring the single part of pupil in-group undertaking as a job in his faculty. Another job was that the member of the groups had entree to their ain site, and they did non lend to the work of other groups. The coach besides was concerned about plagiarism i n which leting pupils to reexamine the work of other groups may be alluring pupils to take the thoughts of other groups, peculiarly for the Roman Religion undertaking where there was no secondary literature. Web 2.0 engineering demand a alteration in our attitudes toward the content, authorization of beginning and making materials.Web 2.0 engineering is a tool that aid scholars express their thoughts, analyze information, think critically and through these procedure pupils are able to acknowledge undependable information..Web 2.0 provide chance for pupils to portion their sentiments and do determination together about the credibleness of information and right of first publication stuffs.On the other manus, some argue that there is no cardinal editor in printing content in web logs and wikis and therefore they can non be considered believable because it published by people which there are no control over contents ( eg Bolous, 2006 ) .The function of instructors in web 2.0 engineeringAugar, N.Raitman, R.Zhou, W ( 2004 ) investigated the ways in which societal package applications used in Deakin University, Australia. The Deakin University adopted the successful iceboat exercising to the wi ki engineering to ease communicating and coaction among pupils every bit good as aid pupils to acquire used to the web 2.0 engineering before the collaborative authorship undertakings start. The consequences of a study by Deakin University in 2003 shows that the deficiency of interaction with equals and teachers were the chief jobs in larning online. Therefore, the university implemented web 2.0 schemes to develop societal interaction and collaborative accomplishments among ICT pupils. Augar et Al ( 2004 ) reported that the pupils participated in an iceboat activity and introduced themselves to one another by posting their inquiries and replies. Students shared their thoughts with other groups through duologue with inquiries and reply. The benefits of iceboat activity harmonizing to Augar achieved through the engagement in and usage of wikis.The benefits included interaction and facilitation of communicating with equals and doing the work easily. As discussed by Augar et Al ( 2004 ) , the pupils were more interested in inquiries related to the linguistic communication and the cultural background of one another and from this sharing experience, pupils were able to do new friends. Based on the earlier work of Freire on critical teaching method, Shor ( 1993 ) province that instructors need to `pose jobs derived from pupil life, societal issues, and academic topics, in a reciprocally created dialogueaˆÂ ¦inviting pupils to believe critically about capable matteraˆÂ ¦ the acquisition procedure itself, and their society` ( p.25 ) Therefore, the type of activity is of import to prosecute pupils to join forces with one another. As Bower and Woo ( 2006 ) found, there is a correlativity between the types of activities with collaborative acquisition. Forte and Bruckman ‘s ( 2006 ) findings confirm Bower ‘s research by showing that reliable undertakings are of import in prosecuting pupils to work collaboratively and lend to the work of their peers.Therefore, instructors have of import function to plan activities that encourage coaction and experimentation. The coachs besides took several schemes to guarantee security of the wiki content. First, they set simple usage guidelines within posting page and every times pupils made a station on the wiki, the guidelines appeared on their page. Second, they monitored the wiki entree and redacting content to forestall pupils from posting knowing abuse and omission. The coachs use the wiki engineering for posting stuffs and information and leave messages to assist pupils to read and portion their thoughts. This attack helps to make full the spread of larning between pupils by supplying on-line resources and information. Students need equal information for sharing and edifice cognition ( Wanger 2004 ) . Coachs besides presented themselves socially into group of pupils through posting their images on the wiki sites.This scheme helped pupils to add their image to user page and go more motivated to take part in utilizing wiki technology.The nature of wikis besides provide chance for coachs to supervise how frequently participants see a wiki system, whether they read the information and whether they are lending on a peculiar topic.They besides introduce the regulations for making and redacting content and coaction. Harmonizing to, Johnson and Smith ( 1991 ) , the coachs have of import function in making the class conditions, set uping an online community and engage pupils to be active participants. It is of import that instructors set regulations for illustration, pupil must post their thoughts on the group before the group begin work on a collaborative activity. Johnson farther province that coachs need to supply equal resources and monitor coaction among pupils and give remarks in ord er to steer students.They besides province that quality such as feedback and trust are of import in collaborative activities and promoting pupils to take part. Teachers need schemes to assist scholars to pass on and prosecute more efficaciously with their equals. For illustration instructors need to keep effectual relationships with pupils to prosecute them in coaction and making content. They besides need to affect in treatments with pupils. One of the indispensable function of instructors in the 21 century is to fix scholars to take part in socially organised activities.The function of instructors is of import in order to promote pupils to reflect on their ain and their equals by inquiring inquiries that seek grounds and grounds. Teachers besides need to measure and supervise single pupils and supply feedback to them. Web 2.0 requires new schemes for measuring collaborative acquisition. Teachers besides need to offer pupil a credit/ class for their part. This may assist pupils to take part and besides curtail the possibility of one individual making all the work on the group. These schemes are of import because some pupils may make non desire to portion their work with others.Raman and Ryan ( 2005 ) states that a scaling policy is of import when utilizing engineering to make cognition and promote pupils to take part. Therefore, web 2.0 engineering requires new schemes for measuring pupils. Using web 2.0 besides require a alteration in function of instructors from authorization to steer and ease acquisition. Teachers need to travel from the conventional instruction methods to methods that engage pupils in activities that create new cognition. The function of pupils have to alter from being a inactive dependant scholar to an active and independent scholar. With the web 2.0 engineering, pupils need to be active in making and sharing content with collaborative accomplishments instead than devouring information. They have to take duty for their work and reflect on their acquisition every bit good as assist each other to develop their acquisition by sharing their cognition. Deci and Ryan ( 2002 ) province that to heighten the fulfilment of liberty in scholars, it is of import to give them chances for pick, executing personal ends, values and inspiration. Implementing such attack is non easy. This is because instruction system is capable to many external force per unit areas and they are non able to fulfill the demands of pupils. The instance surveies demonstrate that Webs 2.0 have great potency for back uping acquisition. In peculiar, web 2.0 provides the chance for making and sharing cognition. It besides allows users to prosecute in conversation and support each other. web 2.0 besides support personalization. Social package applications can be used as a tool for sharing cognition and personal learning.For illustration, web logs can be used as an single home page for hive awaying personal resources and societal activities. However, despite many benefits of web 2.0 engineerings in instruction, the instance surveies indicate that a figure of instructors failed to ease active interaction among students.Pelgrum ( 2003 ) argue that a assortment of alterations must be implemented to optimise instructors use of information communicating engineering: alterations in teaching method, redesigning the appraisal, supplying chance for liberty, supplying instructors with sufficient support, supplying equal clip for instructors to develop new accomplishments and research the integrating of ICT into their instruction patterns, supplying formal and informal communities of pattern and equal webs. However, implementing web 2.0 engineerings depends on following conditions: Web 2.0 functionality, their fittingness for peculiar activities – tantrum for the purpose- and the users ‘ cognition of the tools used. ( B ) the beliefs and attitudes toward web 2.0 engineerings ( C ) The users ‘ cognition and accomplishments in making and sharing cognition ( D ) supplying support and appropriate guidelines for utilizing web 2.0 engineerings and the function of instructors and their abilities to promote pupils to make and portion their cognition. ( E ) A civilization of openness( A ) Web 2.0 FunctionalityThe university of Wolverhampton implemented the web 2.0 engineering in larning resource Centre to maintain pupils and academic staff up to day of the month with electronic resources every bit good as portion their thoughts together through web log engineering.One of the chief findings in the rating of the web 2.0 engineering harmonizing to Jo Alcock, Wolverhampton ‘ s Learning resource Librarian, was the deficiency of consciousness and uncertainness about utilizing web 2.0 engineering. He says that †there is a demand for protagonism of the benefits † . He states that one of the barriers in utilizing web 2.0 is the opposition to alter, peculiarly among senior directors. Furthermore, he explains that implementing web 2.0 require a alteration in our civilization. Web 2.0 engineerings require a great clip to research the potency of web 2.0 in advancing instruction and acquisition. Pelgrum ( 2003 ) states that equal clip are needed for instructors to develop new accomplishments. The motive of instructors to pass clip beyond the call of responsibility is of import in utilizing engineering. Teachers have of import function to make activities to acquire pupils think about benefits of web 2.0 engineering. A figure of surveies indicate that there is correlativity between sensed easiness of usage & A ; percieved utility and usage of engineerin g ( eg Davis 1989 ) . Therefore, if instructors perceive that web 2.0 engineerings are good for advancing pupils ‘ acquisition, they are likely to utilize them in their schoolroom. Furthermore, the University of Warwick found that some pupils used the web log for societal activity while others used it for academic authorship. The pupils used the web log in different ways to run into their demands. Therefore, web 2.0 support diverse demands of personal acquisition. This different utilizations of web logs supports the possible benefits of utilizing web logs as a tool for personal acquisition.( B ) Beliefs and attitudesBrown and Adle ( 2008 ) argue that web 2.0 engineering requires a displacement in attitude towards cognition building and acquisition among the university faculty.There are some factors, which might promote and actuate instructors: providing resources for instructors to utilize the tools, take parting on a regular basis in professional interaction and activities and back uping societal package activities. Harmonizing to societal cognitive theory ( Bandura, 2001 ) , the encouragement and positive feedback from others can act upon the person ‘s belief refering the ability to success on specific undertakings. Furthermore, he states that anterior experience is a cardinal factor in utilizing technology.Teachers who knows little about utilizing societal package applications unlikely to utilize them. On the other manus, instructors who have experience in utilizing the tools are likely to utilize them.( C ) Skills and cognitionThe instance surveies indicate that participants ‘ cognition and accomplishments are of import in the success of collaborative activities facilitated by web 2.0. Dillenbourg ( 1999 ) identified four attacks which can increase interaction among scholars. First, he argues that planing an appropriate status is of import to develop interaction among scholars, and every state of affairs requires different status. For illustration, ‘should the instructor organise pupils into groups or allow pupils themselves get into groups ‘ depend on different state of affairs and careful programs. Second, in a collaborative acquisition, it is of import for instructors to put up regulations for interaction for illustration ‘everybody in the group should give his or her sentiment ‘ . Third, instructors need to supervise the interaction between pupils and supply remarks, Fourth, the instructors need to specify a clear specification of functions within coaction activities. Although the regulations and conditions are of import in order to develop interaction among scholars, single members of groups should larn and understand the demand of working in a group in order to finish their undertakings.Five hundred Culture of opennessThe success of web 2.0 engineering in instruction requires profound alterations in civilization and above all the purpose of instruction. Implementing web 2.0 engineerings besides depends on coaction and showing our thoughts freely without control. This besides requires societal encouragements and a civilization of working openly that has strategic benefits in instruction and acquisition.DecisionThis survey uses the illustrations of wiki and web log engineering to understand how it could be used to ease acquisition among pupils. Specifically, I study a figure of instances to understand how web 2.0 schemes can be used to back up larning in academic scenes. .The initial findings suggest that web 2.0 engineering support coaction and sharing cognition. However, implementing web 2.0 engineerings in instruction demand ( a ) careful analysis of user demands for web 2.0 engineering, ( B ) buttocks what teachers do, why do, and how they do it, ( C ) assess what instructors want to accomplish and ( D ) assess how they may be able to accomplish their aims utilizing web 2.0 engineering. Therefore, utilizing web 2.0 engineerings requires conditions: new signifiers of teaching method in instruction and acquisition, promoting coaction, consistently measuring pupils ‘ demands and activities. A figure of surveies have reported that some instruct ors encountered with many jobs in incorporating web 2.0 engineerings in their instruction and acquisition. These jobs include minimum communicating, hapless quality contemplation on the class stuffs and so on. In reexamining many failed reform attempts in instruction, fullan ( 1993 ) concluded that the hardest job is to construct successful coaction among instructors, pupils and other professionals.

Leisure Profile Assignment

My personal philosophy towards life and leisure is founded in the belief that one should seek out those moments, events, people and attitudes that bring happiness to one’s life. I believe in spending time with the ones you love and the ones who love you in return as it is these people who help shape your reality, attitudes and life in turn. Since the truth is that no one cares if you are miserable except yourself, I make sure to surround myself with people who enrich my life; those who uplift me and help bring me higher and strive to better myself. I believe it is important to take time to do activities that one loves doing. It doesn’t matter whether these activities are enjoyed alone, with friends or with family, just getting out and doing these activities is beneficial to one’s state of being. When a person takes time to do those things they love, a contentedness results and regardless of any hurt, pain, stress or struggles, they are able to enjoy themselves in that moment. I believe attitude contributes a lot to one’s state of mind and also one’s physical being. All of my life experiences, good and bad alike, have taught me a lot and have helped me grow into the person I am today. I try to remain positive no matter what situation I find myself in. A major driving force in my life is my family. I am a firm believer that one of the most important aspects in life is family. I have a two year old daughter who has changed my life in a positive way and feel truly blessed to have her in my life. Life has changed since her arrival but it her presence that gives me that extra push to stay focused on my goals and on those aspects of life that really matters to me. If you had asked me what my personal philosophy toward leisure is 3 years ago, it would have been completely different to what it is now but with all my life experiences, knowledge learned and knowledge shared I can now say that while I am a young, I wouldn’t change a thing. Definition of Leisure In our lecture notes leisure is defined as any activity or state of mind experience that is freely driven or happens spontaneously during work time, obligation time, and/or discretionary time; and is permissible by the norms of society and is culturally specific, meaning that it is derived according to the values, traditions, or more of a specific way or lifestyle of a particular cultural group(s) and Canada as a whole. (Karlis, 2004) My definition of leisure is a similar one. I believe that leisure is the freedom to do those activities you desire to do with your free time. Leisure time is the time away from work and/or work related activities. It is the time and freedom from your responsibilities, whatever they maybe, and it varies for each individual. Leisure time encompasses those activities that help in reducing and relieving stress and those activities that result in positive contribution to an individual’s health. Every individual lives a different life and lifestyle thus the way a person spends their time will be different. One individual may enjoy spending time with the important people in their life, while another may enjoy participating in activity’s that he/she enjoys partaking in alone and/or with those important people in their lives. Any activity that brings a sense of happiness or joy to an individual’s life is leisure. My Leisure Activities As I am now a mom, my leisure activities have changed since 2009, they are family orientated and child friendly activities. I do not have the freedom to do everything and anything I would like however I have adapted and made changes to my life that result in fulfillment to both myself and my daughter. I do my best to ensure that both my daughter and I enjoy ourselves in whatever activity I choose for us to partake in. I am lucky that my daughter plays well both alone as well as in those moments where she has the opportunity to play with other children. I, along with most mothers, want my daughter to be happy, however I believe that in order for her to be so, she needs a happy mom. With this in mind I try to take advantage of my alone time while she is in daycare and when she is asleep at night. In January, my daughter and I moved from Thompson, Mb. and her da (my spouse) stayed in Thompson to work. With this change in our lives our activities are usually consist of just her and I. We consider ourselves lucky when family comes to visit and take as much time to soak in these times when they do occur. My activities I enjoy with my daughter: * Visiting and playing with the extended family we do have here in Winnipeg (Cousins, both my age and her age) * Swimming for fun I try to take Mila to McDonald’s Play place once a week (while she does this I get time for myself to drink tea or catch up with a friend or family member) * We go for runs together and since she loves being outside I push her in the stroller and bundle her up nice and warm. * In the summer time we go to different parks, long walks/wagon rides to get ice cream or a slush, and/or go to the bea ch * Watch movies together and cuddle * We Skype and Facetime a lot with our close family who are located in Thompson, Mb. * When her dad is visiting, we enjoy any activity so long as we are together * Family trips and traveling Dinner with family and friends * Read books, make crafts, color, and paint My activities: * Workout at my gym, go for a run or swim by myself when I can * Participating in a group workout class; group spin, yoga etc. * I like to go for a tan and relax after a hard workout * Going for tea and dessert with friends * I enjoy shopping with my close friends and family * Getting dressed up and going dancing with my girlfriends * Dinner and alone time with my boyfriend when he is in town * I enjoy Facebook and social networking * Getting my hair colored monthly Catching a movie with my boyfriend or friends Activities I do most often The activity I try to do the most is to go to the gym. I aim at going 5-6 times per week for about one hour and half to two hours and afte r a hard workout I enjoy a relaxing tan however as I am aware this can have long term effects on my health I do this only twice a week. The activities I do the most with my daughter would be: watching movies together, reading books (especially at bedtime), and Skyping and/or Facetiming with our family in Thompson. As we miss our family, it is important to us to have regular contact with our immediate family. My Favorite Activity/Why? I am a certified personal trainer and thus my favorite activity which promotes happiness and balance in my life is my time at the gym. My aim during my workouts is to try to target every major muscle group. One of my fitness goals is to compete in a fitness competition within the next year. During my workouts I always workout with a friend, this enables me to time to work on our shared fitness goals and also provides me with social time where I can catch up with my girlfriend(s). Previously, when I resided in Thompson, my favorite activity was working out with a friend and/or my spouse. I enjoy running and swimming and I like to change up my workout routine. I have found that participating in group spin class with other people who have similar fitness goals has been both beneficial and motivational to me. Working out and staying active is therapeutic and very important to my well-being. It improves my overall self-esteem and frame of mind and I have a fun time doing it. My favorite activity to do when my spouse is here visiting us is simply going out for dinner. I enjoy being able to sit down together, the one on one time and of course a good meal. It is those times that I am most thankful and feel blessed for everything that I have. Motivation My daughter and my family are the driving forces that motivate me. The reason I moved here in January was to pursue a Kinesiology degree and I can say with honesty that it has been the hardest and most stressful thing I have done in my life. I left my comfortable lifestyle, my spouse, my family, and my friends in Thompson, Manitoba so that I could better my life and my daughter’s life. This experience has made me a stronger person and I am thankful for every opportunity I get for myself to grow as an individual. I am always writing down my goals and ambitions and I re-evaluate these every two to three months, doing this helps keep me focused and motivated on what I want for my life. My goals vary from what I want in a year’s time, five years time, and what I’ll accomplish in ten years time. I have education goals, fitness goals, and relationship goals with my spouse, and my daughter. Being a good mom is my main priority and is very important to me. My daughter deserves to be happy and I want to provide a good life for her, this is why she is the reason I stay focused, organized and goal orientated. Satisfaction I get so much pleasure from my leisure activities. When I work out, I feel happy, healthy and strong. As a mom my daughter needs me to be all those qualities that it takes to be a good mother to her. It is time I take time to myself to â€Å"not worry about being a mom† and all â€Å"the mom† responsibilities I have taken on in the past two years. I feel great about myself as a mom and a person and feel I am capable anything I put my mind too. This attitude helps in all aspects of my life. The time I spend with my daughter and my spouse together as a family creates the ultimate happiness in my life and I feel blessed to have them. My family has been through a lot of up’s and down’s and I know we are a strong family unit. Constraints Constraints in our lecture notes was defined as barriers, inhibitor’s, obstacles, or restraining factor’s – perceived or real – that influence (preclude or limit) an individual’s participation, frequency, intensity, duration, quality, or freedom of choice in leisure activity. E. L Jackson, 1988) Having just moved here in January, away from my spouse and other immediate family, has been a constraint, both to my physical well-being as well as to my emotional well-being. I have found that being on a student salary with my daughter is very constraining of both time and money. All of these obstacles limit the activities that my daughter and I can do a s we are limited by when, where and how often we can carry out our work and leisure activities. With a budget in mind this creates more barriers as I cannot afford a babysitter. I find that I do not have as much freedom as I did when I lived in Thompson, where my family was available to babysit at a moment’s notice. When I lived in Thompson, my spouse and I had 1 household and I was able to work. Being able to work enabled me to to afford a new vehicle, get my hair done when I wanted or shop online as I pleased. Things are different now, I am in a new city, in a new home (additional household), and I really have to watch what I spend my money on now. If my daughter is sick I miss school, a workout, or have to cancel any prior plans I had. I also am unable to work since I cannot afford a babysitter. Ultimately, deciding move was a large constraint to my personal, leisure and financial life but it will be beneficial when I’m done school. What I can do to remove constraints Being a mom on my own, my daughter does take up a lot of my time. I try to find activities we can do together, and as she gets older I know she will be able to participate in more activities. I go to the gym when she is at daycare and if I want to go on the weekend my gym has a daycare where she enjoys it too. If I want to go for a run I simply put her in her stroller and off we go together. If I want to go for tea with a friends we go to McDonald’s where Mila can play and where I am able to socialize. When her dad does come to visit I am able to get my free time in to do whatever I want. My daughter’s grandparents live in Lac Du Bonet and they are also willing to take her once in awhile. I believe if you really want something you can make it happen and with a few adaptations you can make any situation work. My daughter isn’t going to be two years old forever so I’m going to enjoy the time we have now together. Stress in my life My current major stress issues are trying to get my finances in order. I have car payments and monthly rent and utility payments. This is my first time living on my own and is also the first time living alone with my two year old daughter. This change was a scary change not just for me but for her as well. Another major stressor in my life is my relationship with my spouse. Our relationship has been an on and off relationship and not the healthiest relationship either. I have lost weight as a result of being hurt and stressed out, my education has suffered and my relationships with my other family members and friends have suffered. Another contributor of stress in my life is raising my two year old daughter by myself and with everything combined it can be overwhelming at times. Activities that reduce my stress When I upset or need time to myself I really enjoying swimming or going for a long run to help clear my head and sort out my thoughts. If I need to talk to someone about something I usually workout with a good friend so I can get a workout in and another person’s perspective on my current problem or issue, whatever it may be. After a good workout I always feel great and it helps me to remember to think positive regardless the situation. I believe everything will always work out for the better in the end and it usually does. My mom, sister, and close friends are always a phone call away so it is comforting to know I can phone them and they will be there for me no matter the situation or problem. Positive thinking while I’m engaging in any activity I enjoy is a great way for me dealing with stress and life in general. I always try to surround myself with positive people; people who are going to lift me higher and who help me cope with stress. When I am frustrated I cry, I have found that crying is a great release and that after doing so I always feel better. Rather than viewing crying as a weakness I view it as a strength, it takes more to admit one is overwhelmed than it does to always pretend to everything is ok and if it results in a happier me then it must be positive. Activities that reduce my stress: * Working out with a close friend * Running or swimming alone * Talking to a close family member or close friend * Going for a tan * Going for a long walk with my daughter * Watching a movie and cuddling with my daughter * Crying when frustrated How can I use Leisure differently to reduce Stress? I feel that I have a good overall balance of how I control my stress. Managing stress is all about taking charge; taking charge of my thoughts, my emotions, my schedule, my environment, and the way I deal with my problems helps me cope with stress. The ultimate goal is a balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun, plus the strength to hold up under pressure and meet life’s challenges head on. I admit that there are moments where I may crack under pressure but I’m human and it is completely normal to have these moments. I know that I can improve on my time management when it comes to my daughter and my education time. I think that partaking in a yoga class once a week will help improve my stress levels. Also finding more free community family programs will be beneficial for daughter and me as well. It will help us to meet more families who may possibly be in a similar situation as us. The influence of my Cultural background on my Leisure I am of Metis background, my mom is aboriginal and my dad is from Nova Scotia. My mom is a residential school survivor and raised me and my siblings the western Canadian way. We do not practice aboriginal culture and tradition. While I have participated in smudging before and I have been to a few pow wow’s, I can’t say that my cultural background has contributed to my leisure in a large way.

Biography of Numa Pompilius, Roman King

Biography of Numa Pompilius, Roman King Numa Pompilius (c. 753–673 BCE) was the second king of Rome. He is credited with establishing a number of notable institutions, including the temple of Janus. Numas predecessor was Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome. Fast Facts: Numa Pompilius Known For: According to legend, Numa was the second king of Rome.Born: c. 753 BCEDied: c. 673 BCE Early Life According to ancient scholars, Numa Pompilius was born on the very day that Rome was founded- April 21, 753 BCE. Little else is known about his early life. Some 37 years after the founding of Rome, Romulus- the kingdoms first ruler- disappeared in a thunderstorm. The patricians, the Roman nobility, were suspected of having murdered him until Julius Proculus informed the people that he had had a vision of Romulus, who said that he had been taken up to join the gods and was to be worshiped under the name Quirinus. Rise to Power There was considerable unrest between the original Romans and the Sabines- who had joined them after the city was founded- over who would be the next king. For the time being, it was arranged that the senators should each rule with the kings powers for a period of 12 hours until some more permanent solution could be found. Eventually, they decided that the Romans and Sabines should each elect a king from the other group, i.e., the Romans would elect a Sabine and the Sabines a Roman. The Romans were to choose first, and their choice was the Sabine Numa Pompilius. The Sabines agreed to accept Numa as the king without bothering to elect anyone else, and a deputation from both Romans and Sabines went off to tell Numa of his election. Numa did not even live in Rome; he resided in a nearby town called Cures. He was the son-in-law of Tatius, a Sabine who had ruled Rome as joint king with Romulus for a period of five years. After Numas wife died, he had become something of a recluse and was believed to have been taken by a nymph or nature spirit as a lover. When the delegation from Rome came, Numa refused the position of king at first but was later talked into accepting it by his father and Marcius, a relative, and some of the local people from Cures. They argued that left to themselves the Romans would continue to be just as warlike as they had been under Romulus and it would be better if the Romans had a more peace-loving king who could moderate their bellicosity or, if that proved to be impossible, at least direct it away from Cures and the other Sabine communities. Kingship Having agreed to accept the position, Numa left for Rome, where his election as king was confirmed by the people. Before he finally accepted, however, he insisted on watching the sky for a sign in the flight of birds that his kingship would be acceptable to the gods. Numas first act as king was to dismiss the guards Romulus had always kept around. To achieve his aim of making the Romans less bellicose, he diverted the peoples attention by leading religious spetacles- processions and sacrifices- and by terrifying them with accounts of strange sights and sounds, which were supposedly signs from the gods. Numa instituted priests (flamines) of Mars, of Jupiter, and of Romulus under his heavenly name of Quirinus. He also added other orders of priests: the pontifices, the salii, and the fetiales, and the vestals. The pontifices were responsible for public sacrifices and funerals. The salii were responsible for the safety of a shield which had allegedly fallen from the sky and was paraded around the city each year accompanied by the salii dancing in armor. The fetiales were peacemakers. Until they agreed that it was a just war, no war could be declared. Originally Numa instituted two vestals, but he later increased the number to four. The main duty of the vestals, or vestal virgins, was to keep the sacred flame alight and to prepare the mixture of grain and salt used in public sacrifices. Reforms Numa distributed the land conquered by Romulus to poor citizens, hoping that an agricultural way of life would make the Romans more peaceful. He would inspect the farms himself, promoting those whose farms looked well cared for and admonishing those whose farms showed signs of laziness. People still thought of themselves first as original Romans or Sabines, rather than citizens of Rome. To overcome this division, Numa organized the people into guilds based on the occupations of their members. In Romulus time, the calendar had been fixed at 360 days to the year, but the number of days in a month greatly varied. Numa estimated the solar year at 365 days and the lunar year at 354 days. He doubled the difference of eleven days and instituted a leap month of 22 days to come between February and March (which was originally the first month of the year). Numa made January the first month, and he may have added the months of January and February to the calendar as well. The month of January is associated with the god Janus, the doors of whose temple were left open in times of war and closed in times of peace. In Numas reign of 43 years, the doors remained closed, a record for Rome. Death When Numa died at over the age of 80 he left a daughter, Pompilia, who was married to Marcius, the son of the Marcius who had persuaded Numa to accept the throne. Their son, Ancus Marcius, was 5 years old when Numa died, and he later became the fourth king of Rome. Numa was buried under the Janiculum together with his religious books. In 181 BCE, his grave was uncovered in a flood but his coffin was found to be empty. Only the books, which had been buried in a second coffin, remained. They were burnt on the recommendation of the praetor. Legacy Much of the story of Numas life is pure legend. Still, it seems likely that there was a monarchical period in early Rome, with the kings coming from different groups: Romans, Sabines, and Etruscans. It is rather less likely that there were seven kings who reigned in a monarchical period of approximately 250 years. One of the kings may have been a Sabine called Numa Pompilius, though we may doubt that he instituted so many features of the Roman religion and calendar or that his reign was a golden age free from strife and warfare. But that the Romans believed that it was so is a historical fact. The story of Numa was part of the founding myth of Rome. Sources Grandazzi, Alexandre.  The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History. Cornell University Press, 1997.Macgregor, Mary.  The Story of Rome, from the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus. T. Nelson, 1967.