Employees Payroll Schlumberger Example

Essays on Employees Payroll Schlumberger Research Paper Employees and Payroll Compensation is twofold: it can be a salary or a wage. Firstly, the salary is the amount of money paid for a particular job irrespective of the hours worked while wage is the amount received on the prospect of hours worked (Priz, 2005). On the monthly basis, salaries shall be payable in respect of the normal payroll strategies. For instance, the initial term executive base salary was US $ 108,334.00 on the other hand the secondary term was $ 81,250.00 per month. Moreover, annually, the executives participated in health, insurance and welfare programs that are stated as US $ 1,300,000. Eligibility to accrue benefits and profit sharing program during the term of office for the executive shall be US $ 1,300,000 on an annual basis. Executives will participate in incentives plan during the initial term at a 100% basic pay level range however; there will be no participation during the secondary term (Veinot, 1999). In the normal operations of duty in regard to the company the executive will be reimbursed for any amounts incurred such as travel expenses under his duty at work. Intended to retain trained, experienced and able employees, attract new others and stimulate the active interests of persons is an options plan. Three members were appointed by the board of directors where neither of them is neither an officer nor an employee of the company and no eligibility to receive stock options under his tenure (Nehauser Donovan, 2007). Persons who are to participate are to be employees of the company or a subsidiary corporation. In case of retirement or where on is involved in a detrimental activity, it is the discretion of the committee to forfeiture the options. 12,000,000 shares of common stock issued at a par value of $ 0.01 will be subjected to the options plan. The initial term will begin on the effective date, February 9th 2010 till December 31st 2010. Similarly, the secondary term commences on January 1st 2011 till January 31st 2014. Executives affirmed to devote 100% of their time to the business of the company in the initial term. Comparatively, 50% time was to be devoted in the secondary term. There are a number of union labor agreements like the one formed in Egypt and Norway just to mention to cater for employee needs (Gunderson, 2000). The organization chart was descending with Paal Kibsgaard as the chief executive officer; below him was Simon Ayat, Chief financial officer and executive vice president. There were also three presidents, Aaron Gatt Florida, Jean Francois Poupeau and Patrick Schorn in charge of characterization, drilling and production respectively (Ball, 2002). In addition we had different presidents in charge of technology, operations and communication. The levels of education were university graduates to be able to understand the general operations of the company. The executives in the schlumberger limited are to enjoy insurance plans example medical, short and long term disability, welfare schemes and health benefits. Also, incentives plan of 100% on the base pay was enjoyed. Executives would receive cash within 30 days after the effective date during their vacation (Braggs, 2004). Work Cited Ball, C. A. (2002). Take charge of your workers compensation claim an A to Z guide for injured employees (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Nolo.com. Bragg, S. M. (2004). Accounting for payroll: a comprehensive guide. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Gunderson, M. (2000). Workers compensation: foundations for reform. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Neuhauser, F., Donovan, C. (2007). Fraud in workers compensation payroll reporting how much employer fraud exists : what is the impact on honest employers?. Sacramento, CA.: California Commission on Health and Safety and Workers Compensation. Priz, E. J. (2005). Entrepreneur magazines ultimate guide to workers compensation insurance: secrets for reducing workers compensation costs. Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press. Veinot, S. (1999). Management review of the deferred compensation plan program. Seattle, Wash.: The Office. Top of Form

Normalization Pedagogy and James Paulik Montessori Free Essays

Paulina V Edmunds James Paulik Montessori Philosophy and Pedagogy 27 January 2013 NORMALIZATION The children, who benefit enormously from the Montessori legacy, enjoy what Maria Montessori called â€Å"a Cosmic Education†. These children transform by the order, harmony and tranquility they experience every minute in this Montessori environment. They begin to transform, and this natural transformation was called by Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Normalization: Pedagogy and James Paulik Montessori or any similar topic only for you Order Now Montessori: â€Å"Normalization†, â€Å"It is the mental state children reach when they approach their studies with enthusiasm, work with little direction, treat others in a respectful way, and can work quietly on their own or with others. (Montessori, 148) When Dr. Montessori began her work in San Lorenzo, Rome, she questioned herself if the accomplishments of the children were â€Å"the work of angels†; but after 40 years of hard work and observation she came to the realization that â€Å"normalization is the single most important result of our work† (The Absorbent Mind, 204) She borrowed the term from the Anthropology, and it means becoming a contributing member of society and used it to distinguish the process that occurs when the development is happening in a normal way. Even young 3 year olds can experience and desire concentrated work, which leads them to contentment, restfulness and calm. They start being responsible for their environment and care for the other members in their community. This transformation appears through the repetition of this cycle: 1. Prepare to perform an activity: get holds of all the materials, movement involved and thought put into it. 2. The activity in which the child reaches total concentration. . Rest, a feeling of totality, satisfaction and being happiness. In Montessori schools, educators recognize this progression as being the normal work cycle. A perceptive educator can recognize a child who is normalized by these characteristics: love of work, concentration, self-discipline and sociability. . It is said that the adults work hard to change the child’s environment, but it is the child himself who uses the environment to change. Works Cited Montessori, Maria. The Secret of Childhood. City: Ballantine Books, 1966. Page 148. Polk Lillard, Paula. Montessori Today. City: Schocken Books, 1996. Pages 41-43. Shaefer Zener, Rita Dr. â€Å"The Secret of Childhood: Normalization and Deviations. † Lecture given on the AMI 3-6 course Nakhon Pathon, Thailand. April 2006. Permission given to Michael Olaf Company for reprinting. â€Å"Classroom Guide 6-12†, NAMC, Pages 202-205. How to cite Normalization: Pedagogy and James Paulik Montessori, Papers

Philosophy Abortion Rectitude Essay Example For Students

Philosophy Abortion Rectitude Essay There comes a time in the lives of most women when anovum, fertilized with sperm, will implant itself into her uterinewall. This is natures first step in its attempt to continue thehuman race. Currently, when this implantation occurs, theimpregnated woman has the right to allow the embryo to nourishitself into existence or to eliminate all chances of that embryoattaining life through abortion. Every species of plant andanimal on earth reproduce in one way or another. How couldsomething as ancient and fundamental as reproduction turn intoone of the most hotly contested moral debates in history? Thequestion can only be answered if we first examine theintellectual psyche of the human animal. Since we are currently the most intelligent beings onearth, we use our critical thinking capabilities to selectivelychoose what should be morally acceptable and what should bedeemed unacceptable. To the best of our knowledge, we as humansare the only species in existence that wrestle with moraldilemmas. Absolute morality that will be agreed upon by themajority of a society is extremely difficult to determine sinceeach individual has the ability to decide for themselves what ismorally acceptable. It is because of this decision that ourAmerican culture intensely debates issues of morality suchas abortion. The debate over abortion pits the rights tolife of an unborn fetus against the rights of rational womenwho want to control what happens to their own body. Doesthe termination of a pregnancy deprive a human of their right tolife? Should our government be allowed the power to regulatewhat a woman can and cannot do with her own body? These are twoof the questions which will be deliberate d over throughout thecourse of this paper. In his article Abortion and Infanticide, Michael Tooleytackles two important questions about abortion. The first iswhat properties must someone have in order to be considered aperson, i.e., to have a serious right to life? Tooley answersthat anything which completely lacks consciousness, like ordinarymachines, cannot have rights. If a being does not desiresomething such as consciousness, it is impossible to deprive thatbeing of his right to it. In other words, Tooley argues thatsince a fetus does not show outward desires to have life, it ismorally permissible to abort that fetus. There are threeexceptions to this rule that need to be clarified. First, if thebeing is in a temporary emotionally unbalanced state, such as adeep depression, he should still be allowed rights to life. Secondly, if the being is unconscious due to sleep or some sortof trauma, he should not be deprived of his rights to life. Finally, if the person has been brainwashed by a religious cultor any similar institution into wanting death, he should still begiven a right to life. The second question addressed by Tooley is at what pointin the development of a member of the species Homo Sapiensdoes the organism possess the properties that make it a person?The law in America currently implies that the fetus possesses theproperties that make it a person when it reaches the thirdtrimester or the sixth month of its germination inside theuterus. Is this a reasonable assessment of when a fetus has aright to life? Tooley says No. An organism does not have aright to life unless it possesses the concept of a self as acontinuous being of mental states. This definition of possessinga right to life can be applied to newborn babies that do not yethave a concept of a self as a continuous being. Therefore, it ismorally acceptable to deprive them of their right to life,for they dont show desire for life. According to Tooley,the fetus does not have a right to life at any time therefore,the mother of that fetus should have the right to terminate herpregnancy as she so chooses. T ooley implies that until the fetusreaches the age of about three weeks outside the uterus, it doesnot show signs of wanting life. Only when the child shows signsof desiring life should the child be given a right to life. These arguments are controversial to say the least. However,they contain a rational opinion of when an organism should begiven a right to life. Mary Anne Warren also examines the morality of abortionin her article titled On the Moral and Legal Status ofAbortion. She attempts to address the question how are weto define the moral community, the set of beings with fulland equal moral rights, such that we can decide whether ahuman fetus is a member of this community or not? Toaccomplish this definition, Warren lists five major criteriashe believes are most central to the concept of personhood. They are:1. consciousness so that the being is capable of feelingpain2. reasoning in order to solve relatively complexproblems3. self-motivated activity independent of genetic orexternal control4. the capacity to communicate5. the presence of self-awarenessThese criteria could be used to decide whether or not an alienperson from another realm of existence should be considered aperson, and therefore given human rights. However, a being doesnot need to hold all five of these attributes in order to beconsidered a human being. Warren says possessing only criterion(1) and (2) would be sufficient for personhood. If thesecriteria are acceptable requirements for a being to be consideredhuman, then a fetus is definitely not human since it possessesnone of these characteristics. Warren says the one exception toan entity being given human status even though they do not meetthe above five criterion is someone whose consciousness hasbeen obliterated, through trauma, stroke, etc Warrenclassifies s uch a being as a defective human, not a person. Play Report On A Look Back In Anger EssayWhen the issue of contraceptives is brought up, a wholenew argument arises. For instance, most devout anti-abortionistsagree that the use of the birth control pill is an acceptableform of contraception. These people are ignorant hypocrites. They are either unaware of the fact that the pill works by notallowing the fertilized egg to implant into the uterine wall orelse they just choose to ignore it. Therefore, every time awoman has intercourse while she is on the pill, there is a chanceshe may be causing the death of a child. If the right-wingedanti-abortionists were educated in the physiology of the birthcontrol pill, they would have to declare its use immoral. TheI.U.D. is a birth control method comparable to the pill. It is asmall, Y-shaped piece of plastic that is inserted into theuterus. Whenever a fertilized egg attempts to attach itself tothe nutrient-rich uterine wall, the harsh plastic of the I.U.D. scrapes it off. This method also ends a potential life but youdont hear the anti-abortion extremists protesting its use. Woman who use the I.U.D., could be convicted of mass murder ifthe Supreme Court were to outlaw abortion. If right-to-lifersare to be consistent in their beliefs, people who stronglybelieve in a fetuses right to life should only use birth controlmethods which do not allow implantation of the embryo. Theinclude the male/female condom, diaphragm with foam, the rhythmmethod, or abstinence. These types of child prevention are notsupposed to allow sperm and egg to unite. Other forms of birthcontrol actually end the germination process of an embryo whichshould be labeled morally unacceptable by anti-abortionists ifthey are not to be declared hypocrites. A justification for the womans right to have an abortioncomes from the potentiality argument. The argument goes: Jononce was a fetus. Now Jon is a human. It does not follow fromthis that Jon is now a fetus. Jon will never again be a fetustherefore, human rights given to Jon should not be given to thefetus simply because Jon was once a fetus and is now a human. Iffetuses were to be given human rights simply because they willone day be a human then we as logical beings would have to alterour entire way of thinking. We could never drop a piece offabric, for it may one day be sewn into an American flag. Wemust not scratch a piece of metal, for it may one day be thefender of a Rolls Royce. The list could go on and on and as itdid, it would get more and more ridiculous. The fact that thefetus will one day be a human should not be given considerationwhen debating abortion because of the potentiality argument. Abortion is an issue that the majority of Americans havea definite opinion about. It can usually be broken down intoreligious groups. Those who believe strongly in the word ofGod are the ones who admonish abortion and all who practice it. Some of these extremists would deny a woman the chance for anabortion even in the case where she has been impregnated becauseof a rape or incest. They site one of the Ten Commandments whichstates Thou shalt not kill as their guiding light. This isironic since these very people have been known to murder Doctorswho perform abortions. Most anti-abortionists are not sodrastic. They would allow abortions to be legal under certaincircumstances such as pregnancies that occurred because of rape,molestation, or incest. Are these moderates being hypocriticalby taking this view? Regardless of who the father is or how themother got pregnant, half the genetic make-up of the child stillbelongs to her. If you are going to take an anti-abortionstance, you should not allow these victimized women to have anabortion. On the other hand, people who support the womansright to choose whether or not to have an abortion are typicallyliberals who dont affiliate strongly with any one religion. They generally dont deny that a potential human is beingdestroyed when an abortion takes place. However, they believethe life and desires of the already living woman outweigh anyrights the fetus may have. Since I am an Epicureanist, I believe each woman shouldbe given the means by which they can get a safe, legal abortionif they so choose. Whatever promotes the greatest amount ofhappiness for the greatest number of already living woman shouldbe promoted by the government. The State should not placerestrictions on the womans right to govern what she does withher own body. Women who are desperate enough to seek out anabortion are not going to abandon the idea simply because thegovernment has declared it illegal. They will search out backalley abortions which would be unsanitary, dangerous, andpossibly lethal. The health of women cannot be put in jeopardysimply because a few bureaucrats have a moral dilemma withabortion. Because having an abortion is legal, does not meananyone is forced into aborting their fetus. If you choose tocarry your child to term, more power to you. However, dontenforce your morality onto others. Allow people the right to beindividuals and establish their own mora lity. If the governmentwere to step in and attempt to regulate morality in this case, itcould create an avalanche of laws concerning moral issues. Thiscountry is based on the premise of freedom, lets keep it thatway.

Rachel Carson Environment Essay Essay Example

Rachel Carson Environment Essay Paper Fortunately, thanks to the work of many environmentalists all around the oral from the present day, the world may be able to recover from all its injuries caused by the insatiable human race. Rachel Carbons book Silent Spring, which spurred the environmental movement, helped raise awareness for the environment, warn humans of the dangers Of using pesticides such as EDT, preserve several plant and animal species, and make the atmosphere cleaner Rachel Carbons Silent Spring, which was published in 1962, was undoubtedly a critical turning point in history which prompted attention to environmental issues. Some say that Carbons book was a marker for the ginning of the modern American environmental movement (Geary). Carson was a revolutionary and had an astounding influential power. Silent Spring highlighted many of the damages done to the environment by the use of pesticides (Kelly). This of course, attracted many scientists to begin researching the issue but had other benefits as well. Her work was so intriguing and influential that the vibrations of [her] work resounded not only in academia but in the mind of the public as well (Kelly). Truly, Carbons concerns caught the attention of many people, both scientists and the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Rachel Carson Environment Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rachel Carson Environment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rachel Carson Environment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because of her efforts, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1 970 (Kelly). Rachel Carson spearheaded the Environmental campaign and helped raise awareness about the growing risks of damages caused to the environment. In addition to the growth of awareness during the environmental movement, some dangers to animal life also grew. In her book, Rachel Carson explores the effects of pesticides. The most famous of these was dichloride-dividend-theoretician (EDT), which had been used to control pest insects, like mosquitoes and lice, in many countries (The Environmental Movement). Although Carson warned of the dangers of using these long-lasting pesticides, some insisted on the continuation of their usage. Farmers liked EDT because it helped to control insect damage to their crops (The Environmental Movement). Obviously, there are effects to the use of such pesticides. Carson explains that, overtime, EDT and other long- lasting pesticides had become part of the food chain. This is due to the chemicals, remaining on plants and water after spraying, were ingested by small animals, which were then eaten by larger animals, including humans (The Environmental Movement). Carson definitely foresaw the dangers of using pesticides towards animal life and had a kind heart towards the lives of those several animal species that were being affected. She pointed out that these pesticides killed not only harmful insects like mosquitoes but also the ones that were innocent, such as bees, fish, and birds (The Environmental Movement). The environmental movement helped to preserve numerous species on planet earth. The earth is home to a vast variety of plants and animals. But, even with the slightest change to the environment, can completely devastate an ecosystem (The Environmental Movement). Protecting and preserving this rich animal life on earth was an important part of the environmental movement. In fact, one of the most significant issues of the environmental movement has been the fight to protect animal and plant species from becoming extinct (The Environmental Movement). This concern for animal extinction and preservation had several positive effects. For example, Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act in 1966 in hopes of lowering the extinction rate (The Environmental Movement). This law was a huge improvement for animal extinction rights ND preservation. However, this law only applied to fish and wildlife, and only to species native to the United States (The Environmental Movement). A few years later, another law would be passed to further help the preservation efforts. This law was The Endangered Species Conservation Act, passed in 1969, which broadened coverage to offer greater protection to larger numbers of animals (The Environmental Movement). Another law passed in 1973, the Endangered Species Act, further strengthened protections for endangered species. This law helped define the term endangered species as one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (The Environmental Movement). With the help of many federal agencies, combined with the efforts of other organizations as the World Wildlife Fund, a significant impact was made to help preserve the lives of several plant and animal species throughout the environmental movement. During the environmental movement, some environmental hazards became the focus of attention and posed a severe threat to planet earths well-being. An important focal point of the environmental movement was global warming. Global warming is the warming of the earths climate due to the increase of harmful gases caused by human activitysuch as carbon dioxide, methane, and CIFS (The Environmental Movement). One of the ways to decrease greenhouse gases and other harmful emissions is to reduce the worlds dependence on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are oils that are created inside the earth but that are not renewable which include coal, natural gas, and oil CIFS (The Environmental Movement). The process of extracting these fossil fuels can be dangerous and devastating. Mining for coal can have a vegetating impact on the landscape, leaving scars like deep holes and mountains with their tops shaved Off as well as produce toxic waste that pollutes waterways (the Environmental Movement). There are drastic results that can occur to the burning of fossil fuels. The danger in burning natural gas results in emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane (The Environmental Movement). Of course, fossil fuels are an important cause in pollution, but another factor comes from the daily life of humans. Humans use their cars as an everyday transportation method but, the truth is, that it also increasing the CO levels in the air. Another factor of pollution comes from deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing of forests in order to make room for new development projects. Unfortunately, the logging of forests also results in increases in carbon dioxide (The Environmental Movement). Clearly, the world would be much cleaner if it werent for all these damaging emissions from gases and fossil fuels. Rachel Carbons Silent Spring, helped to spearhead the important environmental movement that would change the way people look at the environment forever. Through her efforts, she was able to give people knowledge about he environment, warn humans of the risks of using harmful pesticides, protect many different plant and animal species, and, most importantly, make the earth a healthier place to live. Maybe if humans work together a little harder, they might be able to keep the earth juicy for just a view more centuries.

itsluy essays

itsluy essays Only thirty years after the Piedmontese army marched into Rome to unite Italy under one government, the country suddenly found itself on the brink of the twentieth century and a rapidly changing world. The twentieth century would mark the beginning of great changes throughout Europe, and Italy would not be left untouched. What set the stage for these changes, though, were the years just prior to, and directly after 1900. The decade before 1900 can be thought of in terms of its government leaders, most notably, Francesco Crispi. Crispi attempted to lead Italy with administrative reforms and expansion abroad. The 1890s, however, also marked a time of great crisis, as riots over the prices of food grew increasingly common, and government oppression became more and more blatant. It was not uncommon for the prime ministers of the time to issue decrees without parliament by claiming royal authority, or to dissolve opposition parties. Even the end of the Sicilian fasci movement, which carried out strikes and opposition demonstrations, came when Crispi sent the military in on one of their strikes, imprisoning all of their leaders. Crispis attempts to turn Italy into a world power through colonialism failed as well. In the 1890s, the Italian governments various attempts at turning nearby African nation Ethiopia into a colony were met with heavy losses and crushing defeats. Although Italy did manage to conquer Libya, it did not help very much. Libyas annexation in 1896 lowered living conditions for the lower class and increased prices across the nation. Libya was a veritable economic sinkhole for Italy, even as peasants from the South emigrated in large numbers to seek work there. With the atmosphere of discontent present in Italy at the time, this did not bode well for the countrys leaders and politicians. Italians had the impression that their government was bumbling and ineffectual, and that it ...

The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America

The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America The largest domesticated animals in South America are the camelids, quadruped animals which played a central role in the economic, social, and ritual lives of past Andean hunter-gatherers, herders, and farmers. Like domesticated quadrupeds in Europe and Asia, South American camelids were first hunted as prey before being domesticated. Unlike most of those domesticated quadrupeds, however, those wild ancestors are still living today. Four Camelids Four camels, or more precisely camelids, are recognized in South America today, two wild and two domesticated. The two wild forms, the larger guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the daintier vicuà ±a (Vicugna vicugna) diverged from a common ancestor some two million years ago, an event unrelated to domestication. Genetic research indicates that the smaller alpaca (Lama pacos L.), is the domesticated version of the smaller wild form, the vicuà ±a; while the larger llama (Lama glama L) is the domesticated form of the larger guanaco. Physically, the line between llama and alpaca has been blurred as a result of deliberate hybridization between the two species over the last 35 years or so, but that hasnt stopped researchers from getting to the heart of the matter. All four of the camelids are grazers or browser-grazers, although they have different geographic distributions today and in the past. Historically and in the present, the camelids were all used for meat and fuel, as well as wool for clothing and a source of string for making  quipu and baskets. The Quechua (the state language of the Inca) word for dried camelid meat is charki, Spanish charqui, and the etymological progenitor of the English term jerky. Llama and Alpaca Domestication The earliest evidence for domestication of both llama and alpaca comes from archaeological sites located in the Puna region of the Peruvian Andes, at between ~4000–4900 meters (13,000–14,500 feet) above sea level. At Telarmachay Rockshelter, located 170 kilometers (105 miles) northeast of Lima, faunal evidence from the long-occupied site traces an evolution of human subsistence related to the camelids. The first hunters in the region (~9000–7200 years ago), lived on generalized hunting of guanaco, vicuà ±a and huemul deer. Between 7200–6000 years ago, they switched to specialized hunting of guanaco and vicuà ±a. Control of domesticated alpacas and llamas was in effect by 6000–5500 years ago, and a predominant herding economy based on llama and alpaca was established at Telarmachay by 5500 years ago. Evidence for domestication of llama and alpaca accepted by scholars include changes in dental morphology, the presence of fetal and neonatal camelids in archaeological deposits, and an increasing reliance on camelids indicated by the frequency of camelid remains in deposits. Wheeler has estimated that by 3800 years ago, the people at Telarmachay based 73% of their diet on camelids. Llama (Lama glama, Linnaeus 1758) The llama is the larger of the domestic camelids and resembles the guanaco in almost all aspects of behavior and morphology. Llama is the Quechua term for L. glama, which is known as qawra by Aymara speakers. Domesticated from the guanaco in the Peruvian Andes some 6000–7000 years ago, the llama was moved into lower elevations by 3,800 years ago, and by 1,400 years ago, they were kept in herds on the northern coasts of Peru and Ecuador. In particular, the Inca used llamas to move their imperial pack trains into southern Colombia and central Chile. Llamas range in height from 109–119 centimeters (43–47 inches) at the withers, and in weight from 130–180 kilograms (285–400 pounds). In the past, llamas were used as beasts of burden, as well as for meat, hides, and fuel from their dung. Llamas have upright ears, a leaner body, and less wooly legs than the alpacas. According to Spanish records, the Inca had a hereditary caste of herding specialists, who bred animals with specific colored pelts for sacrificing to different deities. Information on flock size and colors are believed to have been kept using the quipu. Herds were both individually-owned and communal. Alpaca (Lama pacos Linnaeus 1758) The alpaca is considerably smaller than the llama, and it most resembles the vicuà ±a in aspects of social organization and appearance. Alpacas range from 94–104 cm (37–41 in) in height and about 55–85 kg (120–190 lb) in weight. Archaeological evidence suggests that, like llamas, alpacas were domesticated first in the Puna highlands of central Peru about 6,000–7,000 years ago. Alpacas were first brought to lower elevations about 3,800 years ago and are in evidence at coastal locales by 900–1000 years ago. Their smaller size rules out their use as beasts of burden, but they have a fine fleece that is prized throughout the world for its delicate, light-weight, cashmere-like wool that comes in a range of colors from white, through fawn, brown, gray, and black. Ceremonial Role in South American Cultures Archaeological evidence suggests that both llamas and alpacas were part of a sacrificial rite in Chiribaya culture sites such as El Yaral, where naturally mummified animals were found buried beneath house floors. Evidence for their use in Chavà ­n culture sites such as Chavà ­n de Huntar is somewhat equivocal but seems likely. Archaeologist Nicolas Goepfert found that, among the Mochica at least, only domestic animals were part of sacrificial ceremonies. Kelly Knudson and colleagues studied camelid bones from Inca feasts at Tiwanaku in Bolivia and identified evidence that camelids consumed in the feasts were just as often from outside the Lake Titicaca region as local. Evidence that llama and alpaca were what made the extensive trade along the huge Inca road network possible has been known from historical references. Archaeologist Emma Pomeroy investigated the robusticity of human limb bones dated between 500–1450 CE from the site of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile and used that to identify traders involved in those camelid caravans, particularly after the collapse of Tiwanaku. Modern Alpaca and Llama Herds Quechua and Aymara-speaking herders today subdivide their herds into llama-like (llamawari or waritu) and alpaca-like (pacowari or wayki) animals, depending on physical appearance. Crossbreeding of the two has been attempted to increase the amount of alpaca fiber (higher quality), and fleece weight (a llama characteristics). The upshot has been to decrease the quality of alpaca fiber from a pre-conquest weight similar to cashmere to a thicker weight which fetches lower prices in international markets. Sources Chepstow-Lusty, Alex J. Agro-Pastoralism and Social Change in the Cuzco Heartland of Peru: A Brief History Using Environmental Proxies. Antiquity 85.328 (2011): 570–82. Print.Fehrens-Schmitz, Lars, et al. Climate Change Underlies Global Demographic, Genetic, and Cultural Transitions in Pre-Columbian Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.26 (2014): 9443–8. Print.Garcà ­a, Marà ­a Elena. The Taste of Conquest: Colonialism, Cosmopolitics, and the Dark Side of Perus Gastronomic Boom. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 18.3 (2013): 505–24. Print.Goepfert, Nicolas. The Llama and the Deer: Dietary and Symbolic Dualism in the Central Andes. Anthropozoologica 45.1 (2010): 25–45. Print.Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420 years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Knud son, Kelly J., Kristin R. Gardella, and Jason Yaeger. Provisioning Inka Feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: The Geographic Origins of Camelids in the Pumapunku Complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.2 (2012): 479–91. Print. Lopez, Gabriel E. J., and Federico Restifo. Middle Holocene Intensification and Domestication of Camelids in North Argentina, as Tracked by Zooarchaeology and Lithics. Antiquity 86.334 (2012): 1041–54. Print.Marà ­n, J. C., et al. Y-Chromosome and Mtdna Variation Confirms Independent Domestications and Directional Hybridization in South American Camelids. Animal Genetics 48.5 (2017): 591–95. Print.Pomeroy, Emma. Biomechanical Insights into Activity and Long Distance Trade in the South-Central Andes (AD  500–1450). Journal of Archaeological Science 40.8 (2013): 3129–40. Print.Russell, Grant. Determining South American Camelid Domestication through Skeletal Morphology. Rutgers University, 2017. Print.Smith, Scott C., and Maribel Pà ©rez Arias. From Bodies to Bones: Death and Mobility in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Antiquity 89.343 (2015): 106–21. Print.Valverde, Guido, et al. Ancient DNA Analysis Suggests Negligible Impact of the Wari Empire Expansion in Peru’s Central Coast During the Middle Horizon. PLoS ONE (2016). Print. Yacobaccio, Hugo D., and Bibiana L. Vil. A Model for Llama (Lama Glama Linnaeus, 1758) Domestication in the Southern Andes. Anthropozoologica 51.1 (2016): 5–13. Print.

Sand creek massacre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sand creek massacre - Research Paper Example Though there was chaos and panic upon the start of the attack, some Native Americans refused to fight. Chief Black Kettle and Chief White Antelope of the Cheyenne stood with their arms folded, having unsuccessfully tried to stop the raid, signifying that even now they would not take up arms or move against the attacking soldiers3. Chief Black Kettle also hoisted the American flag atop his lodge, along with the white flag of surrender, as he had been promised by Colonel Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, that should he fly the American flag he would be under the protection of the soldiers and kept safe4. However, on that day, it did not help to save his people. Men, women, and children were killed without reason or sympathy, even those that put white cloth on sticks and showed their surrender5. Nothing mattered to Chivington but clearing out the Native Americans, and their hatred knew few bounds. Chivington wasted no time in celebration. He gleefully sent a telegram that informed his superiors of his victory, stating that between 400 and 500 Native American warriors were killed (in reality, it was 105 women and children, and 28 men)6. However, Chivington took delight in making it sound as though it had been the result of a very long and hard-won battle, praising his officers lavishly as he did so7. He had lost only nine men and had 38 wounded, mostly from friendly fire8. The encampments of both tribes were burned to the ground, on the orders of Colonel Chivington, before the soldiers rode away9. Though the bloodlust for Native Americans had been satisfied, the results would damage Native American relations for years to come. Chivington, as well as others, were called to testify before Congress, to the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. According to the published report, it was found that his acts were